Dataset Information

Associations of daily diet-related greenhouse gas emissions with the incidence and mortality of chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.

ABSTRACT:

Objectives

Although the entire process extending from food production to dietary consumption makes a large contribution to total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, little and inconsistent evidence exists on the epidemiological associations of daily diet-related GHG emissions with chronic disease risk or all-cause mortality. This systematic review and meta-analysis explored the observational epidemiological relationship between daily diet-related GHG emissions and health outcomes, including the risk of chronic diseases and all-cause mortality.

Methods

Original articles published in English until May 2022 were identified by searching PubMed, Ovid-Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. The extracted data were pooled using both fixed-effects and random-effects meta-analyses and presented as hazard and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

In total, 7 cohort studies (21 study arms) were included for qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis. The GHG emissions of dietary consumption showed a significant positive association with the risk of chronic disease incidence and mortality in both fixed-effects and random-effects models (fixed: RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.05; random: RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.06). This positive association was robust regardless of how daily diet-related GHG emissions were grouped. More strongly animal- based diets showed higher GHG emissions. However, there were only a few studies on specific chronic diseases, and the subgroup analysis showed insignificant results. There was no evidence of publication bias among the studies (Egger test: p=0.79).

Conclusions

A higher GHG-emission diet was found to be associated with a greater risk of all-cause mortality.

SUBMITTER: Hong JY

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10581893 | biostudies-literature | 2023

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Associations of daily diet-related greenhouse gas emissions with the incidence and mortality of chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.

Hong Jee Yeon JY Kim Young Jun YJ Bae Sanghyuk S Kim Mi Kyung MK

Epidemiology and health 20221230

<h4>Objectives</h4>Although the entire process extending from food production to dietary consumption makes a large contribution to total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, little and inconsistent evidence exists on the epidemiological associations of daily diet-related GHG emissions with chronic disease risk or all-cause mortality. This systematic review and meta-analysis explored the observational epidemiological relationship between daily diet-related GHG emissions and health outcomes, including ...[more]

PMID: 36596731

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Project description:BackgroundFood production accounts for 30% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Less environmentally sustainable diets are also often more processed, energy-dense and nutrient-poor. To date, the environmental impact of diets have mostly been based on a limited number of broad food groups.ObjectivesWe link GHG emissions to over 3000 foods, assessing associations between individuals' GHG emissions, their nutrient requirements and their demographic characteristics. We also identify additional information required in dietary assessment to generate more accurate environmental impact data for individual-level diets.MethodsGHG emissions of individual foods, including process stages prior to retail, were added to the UK Composition Of Foods Integrated Dataset (COFID) composition tables and linked to automated online dietary assessment for 212 adults over three 24-hour periods. Variations in GHG emissions were explored by dietary pattern, demographic characteristics and World Health Organization Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs).ResultsGHG emissions estimates were linked to 98% (n = 3233) of food items. Meat explained 32% of diet-related GHG emissions; 15% from drinks; 14% from dairy; and 8% from cakes, biscuits and confectionery. Non-vegetarian diets had GHG emissions 59% (95% CI 18%, 115%) higher than vegetarian. Men had 41% (20%, 64%) higher GHG emissions than women. Individuals meeting RNIs for saturated fats, carbohydrates and sodium had lower GHG emissions compared to those exceeding the RNI.DiscussionPolicies encouraging sustainable diets should focus on plant-based diets. Substituting tea, coffee and alcohol with more sustainable alternatives, whilst reducing less nutritious sweet snacks, presents further opportunities. Healthier diets had lower GHG emissions, demonstrating consistency between planetary and personal health. Further detail could be gained from incorporating brand, production methods, post-retail emissions, country of origin, and additional environmental impact indicators.

Project description:BackgroundPlanetary and human health are highly intertwined; our current food system is associated with high greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and burden of disease.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the associations of diet-related GHGE with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Japan.MethodsThis study included 58,031 Japanese adults (35,078 women and 22,953 men) 40-79 y of age who participated in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study during the period 1988-1990. Diet-related GHGE was calculated from dietary intake estimated by a validated food frequency questionnaire and previously developed GHGE tables of each food and beverage. Participants were classified into quintiles of diet-related GHGE per kg food/d. Hazard ratios (HRs) of all-cause and cause-specific mortality were calculated using the Cox proportional hazard and restricted cubic spline models.ResultsThe average diet-related GHGE was 1,522 g-CO2-eq/kg food/d. Over a period of 19.3 y (955,819 person-years) of median follow-up, 11,508 deaths were documented. After adjusting for lifestyle and medical history, in comparison with the fourth quintiles of diet-related GHGE, the first and fifth quintiles were associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality: multivariable HR of all-cause mortality was 1.11 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 1.18] and 1.09 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.17) for the lowest and highest GHGE, respectively; those of cardiovascular disease mortality were 1.23 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.38) and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.37), respectively. The diet-related GHGE range with the lowest HR of all-cause mortality was 1,400-1,600 g-CO2eq/kg food/d (p for nonlinearity <0.001). Replacing one serving of red meat with one serving of pulses was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (HR=0.96; 95% CI: 0.93, 0.99) and GHGE (mean change, -347 g-CO2-eq/kg/d; 95% CI: -353, -342).DiscussionDiet-related GHGE was associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in a U-shaped fashion. This finding could be useful for creating a policy for sustainable shifts in dietary habits that will benefit the population and environmental health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14935.

Dataset Information

Associations of daily diet-related greenhouse gas emissions with the incidence and mortality of chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Publications

Associations of daily diet-related greenhouse gas emissions with the incidence and mortality of chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.

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