Practical Advice on Scientific Design of Freeze-Drying Process: 2023 Update.

ABSTRACT:

Objective

The purpose of this paper is to re-visit the design of three steps in the freeze-drying process, namely freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying steps. Specifically, up-to-date recommendations for selecting freeze-drying conditions are provided based on the physical-chemical properties of formulations and engineering considerations.

Methods and results

This paper discusses the fundamental factors to consider when selecting freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying conditions, and offers mathematical models for predicting the duration of each segment and product temperature during primary drying. Three simple heat/mass transfer primary drying (PD) models were tested, and their ability to predict product temperature and sublimation time showed good agreeme

SUBMITTER: Tchessalov S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10661802 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature