Whole-Body Cryotherapy Improves Asprosin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity in Postmenopausal Women–Perspectives in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Wiecek M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC10669023 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Oct
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps are considered the "gold standard" for assessing whole body insulin sensitivity. When used in combination with tracer dilution techniques and physiological insulin concentrations, insulin sensitization can be dissected and attributed to hepatic and peripheral (primarily muscle) effects. Non-human primates (NHPs), such as rhesus monkeys, are the closest pre-clinical species to humans, and thus serve as an ideal model for testing of compound efficacy to support translation to human efficacy. We determined insulin infusion rates that resulted in high physiological insulin concentrations that elicited maximal pharmacodynamic responses during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. These rates were then used with [U-13C]-D-glucose, to assess and document the degrees of hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance between healthy and insulin-resistant, dysmetabolic NHPs. Next, dysmetabolic NHPs were treated for 28 days with pioglitazone (3 mg/kg) and again had their insulin sensitivity assessed, illustrating a significant improvement in hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity. This coincided with a significant increase in insulin clearance, and normalization of circulating adiponectin. In conclusion, we have determined a physiological clamp paradigm (similar to humans) for assessing glucose turnover in NHPs. We have also demonstrated that insulin-resistant, dysmetabolic NHPs respond to the established insulin sensitizer, pioglitazone, thus confirming their use as an ideal pre-clinical translational model to assess insulin sensitizing compounds.
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Project description:The extent to which reduced insulin secretion during prolonged fasting reflects failure to compensate for whole body insulin resistance or a normal adjustment to potentially increased hepatic insulin action is unknown. We examined the effects of 36- versus 12-h fasting on insulin secretion and whole body versus hepatic insulin action in 13 healthy young males. Hepatic glucose production and insulin action were studied using stable isotopes, whereas whole body insulin action and insulin secretion were studied using an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and minimal modeling. Insulin, glucose, and lipid profiles were subsequently measured during a refeeding meal test. Prolonged fasting caused a minor reduction of first-phase insulin secretion in a context of improved hepatic insulin action, contrasting an increase in whole body insulin resistance. Accordingly, prolonged fasting was associated with opposite-directed effects on hepatic versus whole body insulin secretion disposition indices. Thirty-six-hour fasting compared with 12-h fasting was associated with increased serum insulin levels during the refeeding meal test. In conclusion, reduced insulin secretion during prolonged fasting may represent a healthy response to improved hepatic insulin action. Use of insulin secretion disposition indices without taking organ-specific insulin action into account may lead to erroneous conclusions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Thirty-six-hour prolonged, compared with 12-h overnight fasting, is associated with slightly reduced first-phase insulin secretion in the face of opposite-directed changes in hepatic versus whole body insulin action in healthy young males. The paradoxical finding of increased hepatic versus decreased whole body insulin secretion disposition indices during prolonged fasting challenges the physiological understanding and validity of insulin secretion disposition indices not taking organ-specific insulin action into account.
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Project description:ObjectivesThe study aimed to investigate changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature in non-professional trained runners during whole body cryotherapy (WBC).MethodsTen middle-distance runners received 3 once-a-day sessions of WBC. Subjects underwent BP measurements and ECG recorded before and immediately after the daily WBC session. During WBC we recorded a single lead trace (D1) for heart rhythm control. In addition, the 5 vital signs Blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature were monitored before, during, and after all WBC session.ResultsWe did not report significant changes in ECG main intervals (PR, QT, and QTc). Mean heart rate changed from 50.98 ± 4.43 bpm (before) to 56.83 ± 4.26 bpm after WBC session (p < 0.05). The mean systolic blood pressure did not change significantly during and after WBC [b baseline: 118 ± 5 mmHg, changed to 120 ± 3 mmHg during WBC, and to 121 ± 2 mmHg after session (p < 0.05 vs. baseline)]. Mean respiratory rate did not change during WBC as well as oxygen saturations (98 vs. 99%). Body temperature was slightly increased after WBC, however it remains within physiological values.ConclusionIn non-professional athletes WBC did not affect cardiovascular response and can be safely used. However, further studies are required to confirm these promising results of safety in elderly non-athlete subjects.
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Project description:Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) consists of short exposure (up to 2-3 min) to dry air at cryogenic temperatures (up to -190 °C) and has recently been applied for muscle recovery after injury to reduce the inflammation process. We aimed to determine the impact of cryotherapy on immunological, hormonal, and metabolic responses in non-professional soccer players (NPSPs). Nine male NPSPs (age: 20 ± 2 years) who trained regularly over 5 consecutive days, immediately before and after each training session, were subjected to WBC treatment (WBC-t). Blood samples were collected for the evaluation of fifty analytes including hematologic parameters, serum chemistry, and hormone profiles. Monocytes phenotyping (Mo) was performed and plasmatic markers, usually increased during inflammation [CCL2, IL-18, free mitochondrial (mt)DNA] or with anti-inflammatory effects (IL2RA, IL1RN), were quantified. After WBC-t, we observed reduced levels of ferritin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean platelet volume, testosterone, and estradiol, which however remain within the normal ranges. The percentage of the total, intermediates and non-classical Mo increased, while classical Mo decreased. CXCR4 expression decreased in each Mo subset. Plasma IL18 and IL2RA levels decreased, while IL1RN only exhibited a tendency to decrease and CCL2 showed a tendency to increase. Circulating mtDNA levels were not altered following WBC-t. The differences observed in monocyte subsets after WBC-t may be attributable to their redistribution into the surrounding tissue. Moreover, the decrease of CXCR4 in Mo subpopulations could be coherent with their differentiation process. Thus, WBC through yet unknown mechanisms could promote their differentiation having a role in tissue repair.
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