Population fraction of Parkinson's disease attributable to preventable risk factors.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Payami H
PROVIDER: S-EPMC10698155 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Population fraction of Parkinson's disease attributable to preventable risk factors.
Payami Haydeh H Cohen Gwendolyn G Murchison Charles F CF Sampson Timothy R TR Standaert David G DG Wallen Zachary D ZD
NPJ Parkinson's disease 20231205 1
Parkinson's disease is the fastest-growing neurologic disease with seemingly no means of prevention. Intrinsic risk factors (age, sex, and genetics) are inescapable, but environmental factors are not. We identified repeated blows to the head in sports/combat as a potential new risk factor. 23% of PD cases in females were attributable to pesticide/herbicide exposure, and 30% of PD in males were attributable to pesticides/herbicides, military-related chemical exposures, and repeated blows to the h ...[more]
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Project description:Parkinson's disease is the fastest growing neurologic disease with seemingly no means for prevention. Intrinsic risk factors (age, sex, genetics) are inescapable, but environmental factors are not. We studied population attributable fraction and estimated fraction of PD that could be reduced if modifiable risk factors were eliminated. Assessing several known risk factors simultaneously in one study, we demonstrate that all were operative and independent, underscoring etiological heterogeneity within a single population. We investigated repeated blows to head in sports or combat as a potential new risk factor, and found it was associated with two-fold increased risk of PD. Considering modifiable risk factors, 23% of PD cases in females were attributable to pesticides/herbicides exposure, and 30% of PD cases in males was attributable to pesticides/herbicides, Agent Orange/chemical warfare, and repeated blows to the head. Thus, one-in-three cases of PD in males, and one-in-four cases in females could have potentially been prevented.
| S-EPMC10246145 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundRisk factors for dementia have distinct frequency and impact in relation to race. Our aim was to identify differences in modifiable risk factors of dementia related to races and estimate their population attributable fraction (PAF).MethodsAn epidemiological cohort was used to estimate the prevalence of 10 modifiable risk factors for dementia among five races-White, Black, Brown, Asian, and Indigenous. Sample weighting was used to estimate the prevalence and PAF of each risk factor in each race.ResultsA total of 9070 individuals were included. Overall adjusted PAF was the lowest in Indigenous (38.9%), and Asian individuals (41.2%). Race-related prevalence of individual risk factors was widely variable in our population, but hearing loss was the most important contributor to the overall PAF in all races.ConclusionsPublic policies aiming to reduce preventable risk factors for dementia should take into consideration the race of the target populations.HighlightsPreventable risk factors for dementia vary according to race.Hearing loss presented the highest prevalence among all races studied.Indigenous and Asian individuals presented the lowest population attributable fractions.Black and Brown individuals were more vulnerable to social determinants.
| S-EPMC10031750 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundKnowledge regarding the modifiable risk factors of dementia is fundamental to guide public health policy. We aimed to estimate the population attributable fraction of modifiable risk factors of dementia among adults from a nationwide epidemiological study.MethodsWe used the public database of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) to calculate the Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) for ten risk factors, including education level, hearing loss, hypertension, alcohol consumption, obesity, active smoking, depression, social isolation, physical inactivity, and diabetes. PAF was estimated for this sample after accounting for the communality of each risk factor.FindingsThe ten preventable risk factors for dementia accounted for 50·5% of the Population Attributable Fraction in Brazil. Hearing loss (14·2%), physical inactivity (11·2%), and hypertension (10·4%) accounted for the highest PAF among all the risk factors. Considerable variation in the relative contribution of the different risk factors was found in different regions.InterpretationThis study might provide an opportunity to change the impact of dementia in Brazil. By targeting modifiable risk factors of dementia, the health of individuals in Brazil might be considerably improved.FundingThis study did not receive any funding.
| S-EPMC9903643 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSevere maternal morbidity is an important proxy for maternal mortality. Population attributable fraction is the proportion of a disease that is attributable to a given risk factor and can be used to estimate the reduction in the disease that would be anticipated if a risk factor was reduced or eliminated.ObjectiveWe sought to determine the population-attributable fraction (PAF) of potentially modifiable risk factors for severe maternal morbidity.Study designWe used a retrospective cohort of 86,260 delivery hospitalizations from Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA for this analysis (2003-2012). Severe maternal morbidity was defined as any of the following: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision diagnosis and procedure codes for the identification of maternal morbidity; prolonged postpartum length of stay (defined as >3 standard deviations beyond the mean length of stay: >3 days for vaginal deliveries and >5 days for Cesarean deliveries); or maternal intensive care unit admission. We used multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to estimate the association of prepregnancy overweight or obesity, maternal age ≥35 years, preexisting hypertension, preexisting diabetes, excessive gestational weight gain, smoking, education, and marital status with severe maternal morbidity. We then calculated the PAF for each risk factor. We also examined the impact of modest reductions and elimination of risk factors on the PAF of severe maternal morbidity.ResultsThe overall rate of severe maternal morbidity was 2.0%. Overweight and obesity, maternal age ≥35 years, preexisting hypertension, excessive gestational weight gain, and lack of a college degree had PAF ranging from 4.5% to 13%. If all risk factors were eliminated, 36% of cases could have been prevented. Modest reductions in the prevalence of excessive BMI and advanced maternal age had minimal impact on preventing severe maternal morbidity. Smoking during pregnancy and marital status were not associated with severe maternal morbidity.ConclusionsOur data suggest maternal morbidity can be reduced by modifying common, individual-level risk factors. Nevertheless, the majority of cases were not attributable to the patient level risk factors we examined. These data support the need for large studies of patient-, provider-, system- and population-level factors to identify high-impact interventions to reduce maternal morbidity.
| S-EPMC7450808 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeWe estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of established risk factors for colorectal cancer, to provide evidence for prioritizing cancer prevention policy.Materials and methodsThe exposure prevalence was calculated by using data from the 2005 Korean National Health Examination Survey for tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, physical inactivity, and meat intake. Risk estimates (relative risks) were selected from the published meta-analyses. Cancer incidence data from the Korea Central Cancer Registry were used to estimate the preventable number of colorectal cancer cases in 2015.ResultsThe PAFs of the tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, physical inactivity, and consumption of red and processed meat were as follows: 9.2%, 11.1%, 9.1%, 18.9%, and 10.1% for colon cancer and 21.8%, 12.3%, 3.5%, 5.3%, and 9.2% for rectal cancer among men; 1.0%, 1.3%, 2.7%, 12.3% and 9.2% for colon cancer and 1.7%, 2.3%, 0.8%, 7.2%, and 8.3% for rectal cancer among women. The PAFs of selected risk factors were 46.2% for colon and 42.4% for rectum among men, while 24.3% for colon and 18.9% for rectum among women. The attributable numbers of colon and rectal cancer to selected risk factors were 4,028 and 3,049 cases among men, respectively, while 1,644 and 778 cases among women in the year of 2015.ConclusionChanges in modifiable risk factors could prevent half of the colorectal cancer in the Korean population.
| S-EPMC8053879 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC10738926 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Campylobacteriosis is an important contributor to the global burden of acute gastroenteritis (AGE). In Nicaragua, the burden, risk factors, and species diversity for infant campylobacteriosis are unknown. Between June 2017 and December 2018, we enrolled 444 infants from León, Nicaragua, in a population-based birth cohort, conducting weekly household AGE surveillance. First, we described clinical characteristics of symptomatic Campylobacter infections, and then compared clinical characteristics between Campylobacter jejuni/coli and non-jejuni/coli infections. Next, we conducted a nested case-control analysis to examine campylobacteriosis risk factors. Finally, we estimated the population attributable fraction of campylobacteriosis among infants experiencing AGE. Of 296 AGE episodes in the first year of life, Campylobacter was detected in 59 (20%), 39 were C. jejuni/coli, and 20 were non-jejuni/coli species, including the first report of Campylobacter vulpis infection in humans. Acute gastroenteritis symptoms associated with C. jejuni/coli lasted longer than those attributed to other Campylobacter species. In a conditional logistic regression model, chickens in the home (odds ratio [OR]: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.4-9.8), a prior AGE episode (OR: 3.3; 95% CI: 1.4-7.8), and poverty (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.9) were independently associated with campylobacteriosis. Comparing 90 infants experiencing AGE with 90 healthy controls, 22.4% (95% CI: 11.2-32.1) of AGE episodes in the first year of life could be attributed to Campylobacter infection. Campylobacter infections contribute substantially to infant AGE in León, Nicaragua, with non-jejuni/coli species frequently detected. Reducing contact with poultry in the home and interventions to prevent all-cause AGE may reduce campylobacteriosis in this setting.
| S-EPMC8045609 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundWe, and others, have shown that experimenting with cigarettes is a function of both non-genetic and genetic factors. In this analysis we ask: how much of the total risk of experimenting with cigarettes, among those who had not experimented with cigarettes when they enrolled in a prospective cohort, is attributable to genetic factors and to non-genetic factors?MethodsParticipants (N = 1,118 Mexican origin youth), recruited from a large population-based cohort study in Houston, Texas, provided prospective data on cigarette experimentation over three years. Non-genetic data were elicited twice - baseline and follow-up. Participants were genotyped for 672 functional and tagging variants in the dopamine, serotonin and opioid pathways.ResultsIn the overall model, the adjusted combined non-genetic PAF was 71.2% and the adjusted combined genetic PAF was 58.5%. Among committed never smokers the adjusted combined non-genetic PAF was 67.0% and the adjusted combined genetic PAF was 53.5%. However, among cognitively susceptible youth, the adjusted combined non-genetic PAF was 52.0% and the adjusted combined genetic PAF was 68.4%.ConclusionsOur results suggest there may be differences in genotypes between youth who think they will try cigarettes in the future compared to their peers who think they will not and underscore the possibility that the relative influence of genetic vs. non-genetic factors on the uptake of smoking may vary between these two groups of youth.ImpactA clearer understanding of the relative role of genetic vs. non-genetic factors in the uptake of smoking may have implications for the design of prevention programs.
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Project description:Despite well-documented case series of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), epidemiological data delineating relative contributions of risk factors are sparse. To address this, we estimated HP risk in a case-referent study of occupational and nonoccupational exposures. We recruited cases of HP by ICD-9 codes from an integrated healthcare delivery system (IHCDS) and a tertiary medical care centre. We drew referents, matched for age and sex, from the IHCDS. Participants underwent comprehensive, structured telephone interviews eliciting details of occupational and home environmental exposures. We employed a hierarchical analytic approach for data reduction based on the false discovery rate method within clusters of exposures. We measured lung function and selected biomarkers in a subset of participants. We used multivariate logistic regression to estimate exposure-associated odds ratios (ORs) and population attributable fractions (PAFs) for HP. We analysed data for 192 HP cases (148 IHCDS; 44 tertiary care) and 229 referents. Occupational exposures combined more than doubled the odds of developing HP (OR 2.67; 95% CI 1.73-4.14) with a PAF of 34% (95% CI 21-46%); nonoccupational bird exposure also doubled the HP odds (OR 2.02; 95% CI 1.13-3.60), with a PAF of 12% (3-21%). Lung function and selected biomarkers did not substantively modify the risk estimates on the basis of questionnaire data alone. In a case-referent approach evaluating HP risk, identifiable exposures accounted, on an epidemiological basis, for approximately two in three cases of disease; conversely, for one in three, the risk factors for disease remained elusive.
| S-EPMC7533383 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesChildhood obesity imposes a remarkable socio-economic and health-related burden, with an increasing worldwide trend. We aimed to assess the relationship between modifiable factors and obesity in Iranian children and adolescents along with to determine the population attributable risk fraction (PARF) for the risk factors of obesity in Iranian children and adolescents.MethodsThis is a nationwide cross-sectional study involving 14,400 school-aged students. In addition to physical examination, a self-administered questionnaire was completed to obtain the study variables including dietary behavior, physical activity, screen time, sleep duration, socioe-conomic status (SES), and passive smoking. Logistic regression models were applied to assess the relationship between modifiable risk factors and obesity. Population attributable risk fractions (PARFs) were used to estimate the prevalence of obesity if demonstrated modifiable risk factors would be removed.ResultsOf 14,400 recruited students, data on 12,153 subjects were analyzed in the current study. The mean (SD) age of participants was 12.3 (3.16) years, and 49.1% were female. Overall prevalence of obesity was 10.4%. In total, 33.2% of obesity in Iranian children and adolescents might be attributed to unhealthy dietary habits, moderate or high familial SES, body shape dissatisfaction, and prolonged screen time.ConclusionsConsidering the inherent limitations of the cross-sectional studies, our findings suggest that a notable proportion of obesity in children and adolescents might be attributable to unhealthy dietary habits, prolonged screen time as well as higher family SES. These findings may provide insights for planning and optimizing future obesity intervention endeavors.
| S-EPMC11806531 | biostudies-literature