Fully automated deep learning models with smartphone applicability for prediction of pain using the Feline Grimace Scale.

ABSTRACT: This study used deep neural networks and machine learning models to predict facial landmark positions and pain scores using the Feline Grimace Scale^© (FGS). A total of 3447 face images of cats were annotated with 37 landmarks. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) were trained and selected according to size, prediction time, predictive performance (normalized root mean squared error, NRMSE) and suitability for smartphone technology. Geometric descriptors (n = 35) were computed. XGBoost models were trained and selected according to predictive performance (accuracy; mean square error, MSE). For prediction of facial landmarks, the best CNN model had NRMSE of 16.76% (ShuffleNetV2). For prediction of FGS scores, the best XGBoost model had accuracy of 95.5% and MSE of 0.0096. Models sho

SUBMITTER: Steagall PV 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10703818 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature