Influence of horizontal resistance loads on spatiotemporal and ground reaction force variables during maximal sprint acceleration
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Sugisaki N
PROVIDER: S-EPMC10715639 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to determine the associations between horizontal jump and sprint acceleration, as well as maximal speed performance.MethodsA systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), and Web of Science. The studies that were included in this review must meet the following criteria: (1) well-trained individuals over the age of 18 years old; (2) Pearson's correlation coefficients between sprint time and horizontal jump distance were provided; (3) the sprint distance was limited to 0-100 m. The quality of the studies was assessed using a modified version of the Downs and Black Quality Index test. A random-effects model was used to determine the effect sizes, and heterogeneity between studies was examined using the Q statistic and I2.ResultsFrom the identified 2,815 studies, 27 studies were included in this study (two from reference lists). The sprint time of the sprint acceleration phase was moderately and negatively correlated with the standing long jump (r = - 0.45, z = 7.48, p < 0.001), single leg standing long jump (r = - 0.48, z = 3.49, p < 0.001) and horizontal drop jump distance (r = - 0.48, z = 3.49, p < 0.001), and was largely and negatively correlated with multiple jump distance (r = - 0.69, z = 6.02, p < 0.001). Out of five studies assessed the standing triple jump, three studies reported significant positive association with the sprint acceleration performance. The sprint time of maximal speed phase was very largely and negatively associated with standing long jump distance (r = - 0.73, z = 4.44, p < 0.001) and multiple jump distance (r = - 0.76, z = 6.86, p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis review indicates the moderate to very large associations between horizontal jump and sprint acceleration and maximal speed performance, and the highest magnitude of associations between them is found in the multiple jump. Moreover, compared to the sprint acceleration performance, there are greater associations between maximal speed performance and standing long jump and multiple jump distance.
| S-EPMC9899053 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hip extensor muscle size is related to sprint running performance. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. To gain insights into this issue, the present study examined the relationships between the individual hip extensor sizes, spatiotemporal variables (step frequency and length, and their determinants), and sprint velocity during maximal velocity sprinting. Magnetic resonance images of the hip and right thigh were obtained from 26 male sprinters to determine the volumes of the gluteus maximus, individual hamstrings and adductors, and gracilis. Muscle volumes were normalized to their respective body mass and recorded as relative muscle volumes. The sprinters performed a 100-m sprint with their maximal effort. Their sprint motions were recorded using cameras to calculate the mean sprint velocity and the spatiotemporal variables at 50-60 m interval. The sprint velocity was significantly correlated with the relative volume of the semitendinosus (r = 0.497, P = 0.010), but not with the volumes of the other examined muscles. The relative volume of semitendinosus significantly correlated with the stance distance (r = 0.414, P = 0.036) and the stance distance adjusted by the stance time (r = 0.490, P = 0.011). Moreover, there were significant correlations between the stance distance and step length (r = 0.592, P = 0.001), and between the step length and sprint velocity (r = 0.509, P = 0.008). These results suggest that the semitendinosus contributes to attaining long stance distance and thereby high sprint velocity during maximal velocity sprinting.
| S-EPMC8021153 | biostudies-literature
Project description:During sprint acceleration, step length, step rate, ground contact, and airtime are key variables for coaches to guide the training process and technical development of their athletes. In the field, three of these variables are easily obtained with inertial measurement units (IMUs), but, unfortunately, valid estimates of step length with IMUs currently are limited to low speeds (<50% max). A simple method is proposed here to derive step length during maximal sprint acceleration, using IMUs on both feet and two timing gates only. Mono-exponential velocity-time functions are fitted to the 30-m (split) and 60-m times, which in combination with IMU-derived step durations yield estimates of step length. To validate this approach, sixteen well-trained athletes with IMUs on the insteps of both feet executed two 60-m maximal sprints, starting from a three-point position. As a reference, step lengths were determined from video data. The reference step lengths combined with IMU-derived step durations yielded a time series of step velocity that confirmed the appropriateness of a mono-exponential increase of step velocity (R2 ≥ 0.96). The comparison of estimated step lengths to reference measurements showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) and acceptable agreement (root mean square error, RMSE = 8.0 cm, bias ± Limits of Agreement = -0.15 ± 16 cm). Step length estimations further improved (RMSE = 5.7 cm, -0.16 ± 11 cm) after smoothing the original estimated step lengths with a third order polynomial function (R2 = 0.94 ± 0.04). In conclusion, during maximal sprint acceleration, acceptable estimates of stride and step length were obtained from IMU-derived step times and 30-m (split) and 60-m sprint times.
| S-EPMC6784208 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC10498283 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeThe main aim of this investigation was to quantify differences in sprint mechanical variables across sports and within each sport. Secondary aims were to quantify sex differences and relationships among the variables.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study of elite athletes, 235 women (23 ± 5 y and 65 ± 7 kg) and 431 men (23 ± 4 y and 80 ± 12 kg) from 23 different sports (including 128 medalists from World Championships and/or Olympic Games) were tested in a 40-m sprint at the Norwegian Olympic Training Center between 1995 and 2018. These were pre-existing data from quarterly or semi-annual testing that the athletes performed for training purposes. Anthropometric and speed-time sprint data were used to calculate the theoretical maximal velocity, horizontal force, horizontal power, slope of the force-velocity relationship, maximal ratio of force, and index of force application technique.ResultsSubstantial differences in mechanical profiles were observed across sports. Athletes in sports in which sprinting ability is an important predictor of success (e.g., athletics sprinting, jumping and bobsleigh) produced the highest values for most variables, whereas athletes in sports in which sprinting ability is not as important tended to produce substantially lower values. The sex differences ranged from small to large, depending on variable of interest. Although most of the variables were strongly associated with 10- and 40-m sprint time, considerable individual differences in sprint mechanical variables were observed among equally performing athletes.ConclusionsOur data from a large sample of elite athletes tested under identical conditions provides a holistic picture of the force-velocity-power profile continuum in athletes. The data indicate that sprint mechanical variables are more individual than sport specific. The values presented in this study could be used by coaches to develop interventions that optimize the training stimulus to the individual athlete.
| S-EPMC6655540 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Gait analysis has been extensively performed in dogs and horses; however, very little is known about feline biomechanics. It was, therefore, the aim of this study to determine the coefficient of variation (CV) among three ground reaction force (GRF) measurements taken for 15 client-owned European shorthaired cats without a training period and a short acclimatisation time. Gait was measured as each cat walked across a pressure-sensitive walkway, and measurements were made three times over a multi-week period (range: 2 to 17 weeks). The parameters evaluated were peak vertical force (PFz), vertical impulse (IFz), stance phase duration (SPD), step length (SL), paw contact area (PCA) and symmetry index (SI%) of the front and hind limbs. After averaging each of the values from the three measurements, the CV and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for all parameters. PFz showed the lowest CV (~ 3%), while IFz showed the highest CV (~11%) when normalised to body mass. When the GRFs were normalised to total force, the CV of PFz dropped to ~2% and that of IFz dropped to ~3%. The CV of SL and PCA were lower (~6% respectively ~5%) compared to the CV for SPD (~10%). The SI% for both PFz and IFz were comparable to the values reported in the gait analysis literature for dogs. Results of the current study indicate that gait analysis of cats using pressure-sensitive walkways produces reliable data and is a promising approach for evaluation of lameness. The results also suggest that PFz may be a more reliable parameter than IFz and that normalisation to percent of total force may aid in interpretation of the evaluated data.
| S-EPMC5371282 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Running poses a high risk of developing running-related injuries (RRIs). The majority of RRIs are the result of an imbalance between cumulative musculoskeletal load and load capacity. A general estimate of whole-body biomechanical load can be inferred from ground reaction forces (GRFs). Unfortunately, GRFs typically can only be measured in a controlled environment, which hinders its wider applicability. The advent of portable sensors has enabled training machine-learned models that are able to monitor GRF characteristics associated with RRIs in a broader range of contexts. Our study presents and evaluates a machine-learning method to predict the contact time, active peak, impact peak, and impulse of the vertical GRF during running from three-dimensional sacral acceleration. The developed models for predicting active peak, impact peak, impulse, and contact time demonstrated a root-mean-squared error of 0.080 body weight (BW), 0.198 BW, 0.0073 BW ⋅ seconds, and 0.0101 seconds, respectively. Our proposed method outperformed a mean-prediction baseline and two established methods from the literature. The results indicate the potential utility of this approach as a valuable tool for monitoring selected factors related to running-related injuries.
| S-EPMC11493597 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundGeneral expectations speculated that there are differences between drop jump (DJ) and horizontal drop jump (HDJ) exercises. While these criteria may be valid, we have yet to find a report that explores these differences in competitive level athletes.ObjectiveThe study aimed to compare spatiotemporal variables in the drop jump (DJ) vs. the horizontal drop jump (HDJ) in elite jumpers and sprinters.MethodsSixteen international-level male athletes performed two DJ attempts at different fall heights 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 m (DJ30, DJ40, and DJ50), and after 2 h, they performed two HDJ attempts (HDJ30, HDJ40, HDJ50). All jumps were performed on a Kistler force plate. The variables analyzed were ground contact time (GCT), flight time (FT), eccentric phase time, concentric phase time, and time to peak concentric force.ResultsThe GCT was found to be significantly shorter in DJ vs. HDJ (Z = 4.980; p = 0.0001; ES = 3.11). FT was significantly lower in DJ30 versus HDJ30 (Z = 4.845; p = 0.0001, d = 3.79), but significantly higher in DJ40 vs. HDJ40 (Z = 4.437; p ≤ 0.0001, d = 3.70) and in DJ50 vs. HDJ50 (Z = 4.549; p ≤ 0.0001, d = 4.72).ConclusionsIt is concluded that the HDJ requires more time for force production, that the eccentric component requires more time than the concentric and that it is not recommended to use the HDJ over the DJ for reactive purposes. This is the first study that comprehensively compare the differences between DJ and HDJ, which will assist coaches and researchers in the design of future training strategies.
| S-EPMC10903347 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeThe association between lower-extremity loading and clinically relevant knee symptoms at different time points after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is unclear. Vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) from walking was compared between individuals with and without clinically relevant knee symptoms in three cohorts: <12 months post-ACLR, 12-24 months post-ACLR, and >24 months post-ACLR.MethodsOne hundred twenty-eight individuals with unilateral ACLR were classified as symptomatic or asymptomatic, based on previously defined cutoff values for the Knee Osteoarthritis and Injury Outcome Score (<12 months post-ACLR [symptomatic n = 28, asymptomatic n = 24]; 12-24 months post-ACLR [symptomatic n = 15, asymptomatic n = 15], and >24 months post-ACLR [symptomatic, n = 13; asymptomatic, n = 33]). Vertical ground reaction force exerted on the ACLR limb was collected during walking gait, and functional analyses of variance were used to evaluate the effects of symptoms and time post-ACLR on vGRF throughout stance phase (α = 0.05).ResultsSymptomatic individuals, <12 months post-ACLR, demonstrated less vGRF during both vGRF peaks (i.e., weight acceptance and propulsion) and greater vGRF during midstance, compared to asymptomatic individuals. Vertical ground reaction force characteristics were not different between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals for most of stance in individuals between 12 and 24 months post-ACLR. Symptomatic individuals who were >24 months post-ACLR, exhibited greater vGRF during both peaks, but lesser vGRF during midstance, compared to asymptomatic individuals.ConclusionRelative to asymptomatic individuals, symptomatic individuals are more likely to underload the ACLR limb early after ACLR (i.e., <12 months) during both vGRF peaks, but overload the ACLR limb, during both vGRF peaks, at later time points (i.e., >24 months). We propose these differences in lower-extremity loading during walking might have implications for long-term knee health, and should be considered when designing therapeutic interventions for individuals with an ACLR.
| S-EPMC6335151 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Stress fractures are a common overuse injury among runners associated with the mechanical fatigue of bone. Several in vivo biomechanical studies have investigated specific characteristics of the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) in heel-toe running and have observed an association between increased loading rate during impact and individuals with a history of stress fracture. The purpose of this study was to examine the fatigue behavior of cortical bone using vGRF-like loading profiles, including those that had been decomposed into their respective impact and active phase components. Thirty-eight cylindrical cortical bone samples were extracted from bovine tibiae and femora. Hydrated samples were fatigue tested at room temperature in zero compression under load control using either a raw (n = 10), active (n = 10), low impact (n = 10), or high impact (n = 8) vGRF profile. The number of cycles to failure was quantified and the test was terminated if the sample survived 105 cycles. Fatigue life was significantly greater for both impact groups compared to the active (p < 0.001) and raw (p < 0.001) groups, with all low impact samples and 6 of 8 high impact samples surviving 105 cycles. The mean (± SD) number of cycles to failure for the active and raw groups was 12,133±11,704 and 16,552±29,612, respectively. The results suggest that loading rates associated with the impact phase of a typical vGRF in running have little influence on the mechanical fatigue behavior of bone relative to loading magnitude, warranting further investigation of the mechanism by which increased loading rates are associated with stress fracture.
| S-EPMC5798456 | biostudies-literature