The causal association between smoking, alcohol consumption and risk of upper urinary calculi: insights from a Mendelian randomization study.

ABSTRACT: Background: The causal link between smoking, alcohol consumption, and upper urinary calculi remains uncertain in observational studies due to confounding factors. To uncover potential causal associations, we utilized two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) methods. Methods: Five risk factors related to lifestyles (cigarettes per day, lifetime smoking index, smoking initiation, drinks per week and alcohol intake frequency) were chosen from the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). Upper urinary calculi were obtained from the FinnGen and United Kingdom Biobank consortium. Inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) was mainly used to compute odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (Cl). While diligently scrutinizing potential sources of heterogeneity and

SUBMITTER: Wang L 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10723958 | biostudies-literature | 2023

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature