Implementing the immunization agenda 2030: A framework for action through coordinated planning, monitoring & evaluation, ownership & accountability, and communications & advocacy.
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SUBMITTER: Lindstrand A
PROVIDER: S-EPMC10801759 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Implementing the immunization agenda 2030: A framework for action through coordinated planning, monitoring & evaluation, ownership & accountability, and communications & advocacy.
Lindstrand Ann A Mast Eric E Churchill Sarah S Rahimi Nargis N Grevendork Jan J Brooks Alan A Magnus Edda E Nandy Robin R O'Brien Katherine L KL
Vaccine 20230112
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Project description:Understanding the level of investment needed for the next decade is vital to achieve the goal of Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030). Through the immunization funder perspective, this study estimates both global and regional economic resources required to achieve IA2030 coverage among 194 WHO member countries from 2021 to 2030, against 14 pathogens: Hepatitis B (Hep B), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Human papillomavirus (HPV), Japanese encephalitis (JE), Measles, Meningitis A (Men A), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Rotavirus, Rubella, Yellow Fever (YF), Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, and Tuberculosis. The total cost of immunization program, routine vaccine, routine delivery, and non-routine costs (SIA and stockpile) were estimated using WHO coverage forecast for IA2030. Incremental costs of achieving IA2030 for all vaccines and cost per immunized child were also assessed. All costs were calculated for each income and regional level, as well as global level. Scenario analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted to account for uncertainty in future vaccine pricing and delivery costs. The total cost of immunization programs is $269.8 billion (95% confidence interval: $247.1 - $311.8), of which $152.8 billion is considered as routine vaccine cost, $114.9 billion is routine delivery cost. Non- routine cost for LICs and LMICs totaled $2.1 billion. The incremental cost of achieving coverage goals after 2020 is $89.9 billion ($27.7-$110.1), with upper-middle income countries requiring the largest increase in investment (56.2% of incremental costs). The average immunization cost per child across all countries is $192.6. Scenario analysis using the minimum and maximum vaccines price for fully self-financing countries resulted in total costs ranging from $193.6 and $552.2 billion. The immunization program cost among 194 WHO member countries is expected to increase during this decade. The strategy for resource mobilization and increasing investment from country governments and donors are essential to achieving IA2030 coverage and ensuring sustainable immunization programs.
| S-EPMC9850055 | biostudies-literature
Project description:How the sustainable development goals (SDGs) interact with each other has emerged as a key question in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, as it has potentially strong implications for prioritization of actions and their effectiveness. So far, analysis of interactions has been very basic, typically starting from one SDG, counting the number of interactions, and discussing synergies and trade-offs from the perspective of that issue area. This paper pushes the frontier of how interactions amongst SDG targets can be understood and taken into account in policy and planning. It presents an approach to assessing systemic and contextual interactions of SDG targets, using a typology for scoring interactions in a cross-impact matrix and using network analysis techniques to explore the data. By considering how a target interacts with another target and how that target in turn interacts with other targets, results provide a more robust basis for priority setting of SDG efforts. The analysis identifies which targets have the most and least positive influence on the network and thus guides, where efforts may be directed (and not); where strong positive and negative links sit, raising warning flags to areas requiring extra attention; and how targets that reinforce each others' progress cluster, suggesting where important cross-sectoral collaboration between actors is merited. How interactions play out is context specific and the approach is tested on the case of Sweden to illustrate how priority setting, with the objective to enhance progress across all 17 SDGs, might change if systemic impacts are taken into consideration.
| S-EPMC6086277 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030) has been endorsed at the World Health Assembly as the world's strategy for immunization. The Movement for IA2030 is a voluntary collective of immunization practitioners, principally from low- and middle-income countries, who have pledged to support each other to accelerate local action in support of this global strategy. Collective action is facilitated by the peer learning platform established by The Geneva Learning Foundation (TGLF). We reviewed existing data from Movement participants and collected additional survey data to explore two aspects of sustainability of the Movement: why immunization practitioners participate and how much time and resources they contribute. Quantitative analyses of an existing large data set (n = 5682 participants) were complemented by analyses of data collected through a new survey (n = 291) and focus groups of Movement participants. The most commonly cited reason for participating (32% of responses) was to share experience and learn from others. This was generally true across all levels of experience, gender and place of work, suggesting a common rationale among immunization practitioners in different settings. It was a particularly strong motivation for the most experienced practitioners and those working in a setting with a strong organizational learning culture. New survey data revealed a high degree of intrinsic personal motivation to participate, through commitment of significant time and financial resources, with 47% (n = 136) of respondents committing personal finances to implement an action plan. Focus group discussions provided insights into the implications of findings for sustaining the Movement. Collectively, the analyses highlight key aspects of voluntary collective action to achieve global immunization goals through local action, to inform efforts to ensure long-term sustainability of the Movement.
| S-EPMC11687746 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundGrowing evidence shows that social accountability contributes to improving health care services, with much promise for addressing women's barriers in contraceptive care. Yet little is known about how social accountability works in the often-complex context of sexual and reproductive health, particularly as sex and reproduction can be sensitive topics in the open and public formats typical of social accountability. This paper explores how social accountability operates in the highly gendered and complex context of contraceptive care.MethodsThis exploratory research uses a case study approach to provide a more grounded understanding of how social accountability processes operate in the context of contraceptive information and services. We observed two social accountability projects that predominantly focused on contraceptive care in Uganda over a year. Five instruments were used to capture information from different source materials and multiple respondents. In total, one hundred and twenty-eight interviews were conducted and over 1000 pages of project documents were collected. Data were analyzed and compiled into four case studies that provide a thick description of how these two projects operated.ResultsThe case studies show the critical role of information, dialogue and negotiation in social accountability in the context of contraceptive care. Improved community and health system relationships, community empowerment, provider and health system responsiveness and enhanced availability and access to services were reported in both projects. There were also changes in how different actors related to themselves and to each other, and contraceptive care, a previously taboo topic, became a legitimate area for public dialogue.ConclusionThe study found that while social accountability in the context of contraceptive services is indeed sensitive, it can be a powerful tool to dissolving resistance to family planning and facilitating a more productive discourse on the topic.
| S-EPMC7549211 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The world is lagging in achieving the 2030 Agenda's 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasizing social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Meeting one target may either help or hinder meeting another, but the high number of potential interactions complicates the evaluation of synergies and trade-offs. Here, we focus on the water-energy-food nexus to assess how the knowledge of SDG interlinkages has been operationalized to inform policymaking. Specifically, we review the effectiveness of research methodologies, such as correlation analysis, network analysis, meta-analysis and literature reviews, expert-based assessments, and integrated assessment models in characterizing SDG interlinkages. Most studies indicate that synergies are more prevalent than trade-offs, but they have seldom analyzed whether such infrequent trade-offs might nevertheless have a greater impact on sustainable development. Further, existing methods do not always reveal the directionality and strength of SDG interactions or consider projections of future interlinkages such as transboundary and intergenerational spillovers. In this context, it may be worth revisiting earlier definitions of sustainable development that prioritized intergenerational aspects and future needs.
| S-EPMC11563936 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundChildhood and adolescence are critical stages for a healthy life. To support countries in promoting health and development and improving health care for this age group, the WHO Regional Office for Europe developed the European strategy for child and adolescent health 2015-2020, which was adopted by all countries. This paper reports progress in the strategy's implementation until 2020.MethodsA survey was sent to all ministries of health of the 53 Member States of the WHO European Region. Responses were received from 45 Member States. Results are presented in this paper.ResultsThe European Region made overall progress in recent years, but increasing levels of overweight and obesity among children, adolescent mental health and low breastfeeding rates are recognized as key national challenges. Although forty-one countries adopted a national child and adolescent health strategy, only eight countries involve children in their review, development and implementation stages. Two-thirds of countries have a strategy for health-promoting schools and a school curriculum for health education. One-third of countries do not have legislation against marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages to children. Most countries reported routine assessment for developmental difficulties in children, but less than a quarter collected and reported data on children who are developmentally on track. There are major gaps in data collection for migrant children. Hospitalization rates for young children vary five-fold across the region, indicating over-hospitalization and access problems in some countries. Only ten countries allow minors access to health care without parental consent based on their maturity and only eleven countries allow school nurses to dispense contraceptives to adolescents without a doctor's prescription.ConclusionsThis paper shows the progress in child and adolescent health made by countries in Europe until 2020 and key areas where additional work is needed to move the 2030 agenda forward. The survey was undertaken before the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. Both will likely exacerbate many of the observed problems and potentially reverse some gains reported. A renewed commitment is needed.
| S-EPMC9850873 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo investigate the association of pet ownership, and specifically dog ownership, with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk factors and cardiovascular health (CVH) in the Kardiovize Brno 2030 study, a randomly selected prospective cohort in Central Europe.Patients and methodsWe included 1769 subjects (aged from 25 to 64 years; 44.3% males) with no history of CVD who were recruited from January 1, 2013, to December 19, 2014. We compared sociodemographic characteristics, CVD risk factors, CVH metrics (ie, body mass index, healthy diet, physical activity level, smoking status, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and total cholesterol), and score between pet owners and non-pet owners or dog owners and several other subgroups.ResultsApproximately 42% of subjects owned any type of pet: 24.3% owned a dog and 17.9% owned another animal. Pet owners, and specifically dog owners, were more likely to report physical activity, diet, and blood glucose at ideal level, and smoking at poor level, which resulted in higher CVH score than non-pet owners (median, 10; interquartile range = 3 vs median, 9; interquartile range = 3; P=0.006). Compared with owners of other pets, dog owners were more likely to report physical activity and diet at ideal level. The comparison of dog owners with non-dog owners yielded similar results. After adjustment for covariates, dog owners exhibited higher CVH scores than non-pet owners (β=0.342; SE=0.122; P=0.005), other pet-owners (β=0.309; SE=0.151; P=0.041), and non-dog owners (β=0.341; SE=0.117; P=0.004).ConclusionExcept for smoking, dog owners were more likely to achieve recommended level of behavioral CVH metrics (physical activity and diet) than non-dog owners, which translated into better CVH.
| S-EPMC6713897 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundTo date, global priorities for new vaccine R&D have not been systematically identified for endemic pathogens. As part of Immunisation Agenda 2030 (IA2030), we have systematically identified priority endemic pathogens for new vaccine R&D based on country and regional stakeholder values to address this need.MethodsMCDA surveys targeting policy makers and immunisation stakeholders in each World Health Organization (WHO) region were used to weight eight criteria for prioritisation. Applying those weights to regional pathogen data yielded regional top ten pathogen lists, which are intended to inform regional deliberations on R&D priorities. The regional top ten lists were combined into an IA2030 global priority list. To inform R&D, use cases for new vaccines and monoclonal antibodies were identified, then categorized in terms of the activities needed to accelerate progress.FindingsIn five out of six WHO regions, Annual deaths in children under five and Contribution to antimicrobial resistance were the most heavily weighted criteria. How participants weighted the criteria was not associated with their region, biographical characteristics, or areas of expertise. Five pathogens were common priorities across all regions: M tuberculosis, HIV-1, K pneumoniae, S aureus, and Extra-intestinal pathogenic E coli. Six pathogens were priorities in single regions. Combining regional top ten lists provided a global list of 17 priority pathogens for new vaccine R&D. Thirty-four distinct use cases were identified for new products targeting these pathogens. While most are in the "Advance product development" category, ten are in the "Research" category and seven are in the "Prepare to implement" category.InterpretationThese priorities for new vaccine R&D will help stakeholders better respond to regional and country needs. The use cases will inform R&D and enable monitoring of R&D under IA2030.FundingThe work was funded by a Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation grant to WHO (INV-005318).
| S-EPMC11663754 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The extended scope and complexity of the United Nations 2030 agenda entail important challenges for the operationalization of the health-related sustainable development goal (SDG) indicators. Divergences in concepts, agendas and implementation strategies among institutions have fostered the parallel development of alternative and concurrent indicators. We aim to determine the convergences and divergences between five key institutions: the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), the Pan American Health Organization, the Sustainable Development Solutions Network, the World Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO). Of the 104 health-related indicators listed by these five institutions, 60 are consistent with official Inter-agency and Expert Group SDG indicators. Our analysis considers the indicators included, and the themes these indicators cover, in each institution list and each institution online platform. We quantified convergence in indicators between the institutions themselves, but also between the institutions and the official Inter-agency and Expert Group. Our results indicate important divergences; only 22 of the 60 indicators are included in the lists of all five institutions. The level of adoption of the official metrics varies from 40.5% (15/(47-10)) for the GBD to 86.2% (25/(29-0)) for the World Bank. WHO, the official curator of the Inter-agency and Expert Group SDG indicators, is only convergent with the official metrics by 72.1% (31/(45-2)). Our analysis, and the resulting awareness of the differences, potentialities and limitations of indicators and platforms, provides important contributions to enable the achievement of the health-related SDGs and deliver the promise of the 2030 agenda.
| S-EPMC7941102 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Sub-Saharan Africa will accommodate more population this century by having a multitude of births across the continent. Family planning methods provide women with techniques to manage their health and wellbeing. This study investigated how radio communications in family planning changed the perception of Ghanaian, Liberian, and Senegalese mothers toward having fewer children. Univariate and multivariate linear regression results after coarsened exact matching (CEM) with selected covariates for 15- to 49-year-old mothers from demographic and health survey (DHS) data implied the effectiveness of radio communications. This effort supports the need for further research on tailored communication methods for West African mothers over time.
| S-EPMC9028430 | biostudies-literature