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Chromosome-level genome assembly of the Japanese sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus.

ABSTRACT: The Japanese sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a pest in pine forests and acts as a vector for the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which causes the pine wilt disease. We assembled a high-quality genome of M. alternatus at the chromosomal level using Illumina, Nanopore, and Hi-C sequencing technologies. The assembled genome is 767.12 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 82.0 Mb. All contigs were assembled into ten pseudo-chromosomes. The genome contains 63.95% repeat sequences. We identify 16, 284 protein-coding genes in the genome, of which 11,244 were functionally annotated. The high-quality genome of M. alternatus provides an invaluable resource for the biological, ecological, and genetic study of this beetle and opens new avenues for understanding the transmission of pine wood nematode by insect vectors.

SUBMITTER: Gao YF

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10864374 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Chromosome-level genome assembly of the Japanese sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus.

Gao Yong-Fu YF Yang Fang-Yuan FY Song Wei W Cao Li-Jun LJ Chen Jin-Cui JC Shen Xiu-Jing XJ Qu Liang-Jian LJ Zong Shi-Xiang SX Wei Shu-Jun SJ

Scientific data 20240213 1

The Japanese sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a pest in pine forests and acts as a vector for the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which causes the pine wilt disease. We assembled a high-quality genome of M. alternatus at the chromosomal level using Illumina, Nanopore, and Hi-C sequencing technologies. The assembled genome is 767.12 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 82.0 Mb. All contigs were assembled into ten pseudo-chromosomes. The genome contains 63.95% ...[more]

PMID: 38351308

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Project description:Entomopathogen-based biocontrol is crucial for blocking the transmission of vector-borne diseases; however, few cross-latitudinal investigations of entomopathogens have been reported for vectors transmitting woody plant diseases in forest ecosystems. The pine sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus is an important wood borer and a major vector transmitting pine wilt disease, facilitating invasion of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN) in China. Due to the limited geographical breadth of sampling regions, species diversity of fungal associates (especially entomopathogenic fungi) on M. alternatus adults and their potential ecological functions have been markedly underestimated. In this study, through traditional fungal isolation with morphological and molecular identification, 640 fungal strains (affiliated with 15 genera and 39 species) were isolated from 81 beetle cadavers covered by mycelia or those symptomatically alive across five regional populations of this pest in southern China. Multivariate analyses revealed significant differences in the fungal community composition among geographical populations of M. alternatus, presenting regionalized characteristics, whereas no significant differences were found in fungal composition between beetle genders or among body positions. Four region-representative fungi, namely, Lecanicillium attenuatum (Zhejiang), Aspergillus austwickii (Sichuan), Scopulariopsis alboflavescens (Fujian), and A. ruber (Guangxi), as well as the three fungal species Beauveria bassiana, Penicillium citrinum, and Trichoderma dorotheae, showed significantly stronger entomopathogenic activities than other fungi. Additionally, insect-parasitic entomopathogenic fungi (A. austwickii, B. bassiana, L. attenuatum, and S. alboflavescens) exhibited less to no obvious phytopathogenic activities on the host pine Pinus massoniana, whereas P. citrinum, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and certain species of Fusarium spp.-isolated from M. alternatus body surfaces-exhibited remarkably higher phytopathogenicity. Our results provide a broader view of the entomopathogenic fungal community on the vector beetle M. alternatus, some of which are reported for the first time on Monochamus spp. in China. Moreover, this beetle might be more highly-risk in pine forests than previously considered, as a potential multi-pathogen vector of both PWN and phytopathogenic fungi.

Project description:The Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is an important forest pest as well as the principal vector of the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer), in mainland China. Despite the economic importance of this insect-disease complex, only a few studies are available on the population genetic structure of M. alternatus and the relationship between its historic dispersal pattern and various human activities. The aim of the present study was to further explore aspects of human activity on the population genetic structure of M. alternatus in mainland China. The molecular data based on the combined mitochondrial cox1 and cox2 gene fragments from 140 individuals representing 14 Chinese populations yielded 54 haplotypes. Overall, a historical (natural) expansion that originated from China's eastern coast to the western interior was revealed by the haplotype network, as well as several recent, long-distant population exchanges. Correlation analysis suggested that regional economic status and proximity to marine ports significantly influenced the population genetic structure of M. alternatus as indicated by both the ratio of shared haplotypes and the haplotype diversity, however, the PWN distribution in China was significantly correlated with only the ratio of shared haplotypes. Our results suggested that the modern logistical network (i.e., the transportation system) in China is a key medium by which humans have brought about population exchange of M. alternatus in mainland China, likely through inadvertent movement of infested wood packaging material associated with trade, and that this genetic exchange was primarily from the economically well-developed east coast of China, westward, to the less-developed interior. In addition, this study demonstrated the existence of non-local M. alternatus in new PWN-infested localities in China, but not all sites with non-local M. alternatus were infested with PWN.

Dataset Information

Chromosome-level genome assembly of the Japanese sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus.

Publications

Chromosome-level genome assembly of the Japanese sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus.

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