Trend estimation of sub-national level daily smoking prevalence by age and sex in Australia
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Das S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC10885685 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundThere has been a gender difference in adolescents' lifetime smoking prevalence trends over the last 10 years. This study aimed to explain the gender differential secular trend in adolescents' lifetime smoking prevalence using age-period-cohort (APC) analysis and suggests possible causes for this trend, including Korean tobacco control policies during the last 10 years.MethodsWe utilized the 2006-2017 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey enrolling grades 7 to 12. Using year of survey and year of entry into middle school, we classified 859,814 students who had ever smoked into 6 age groups, 12 periods, and 17 school admission cohorts. Using APC analysis with the intrinsic estimator method, the effects of age, period, and school admission cohort on lifetime smoking prevalence were analyzed according to gender.ResultsOverall, there was a similar tendency of all the three effects on lifetime smoking prevalence between genders: an increasing age effect with grade, negative period effect with survey period, and similar pattern of school admission cohort groups. However, compared to boys, girls experienced reduction in the increasing age effect in the 12th grade, consistent and steeper decreasing trend in the period effect from 2006 to 2016, and shorter and lower school admission cohort effect.ConclusionsGender differential response to chronological changes in lifetime smoking prevalence was measured by the APC effect, which affected the gender differential secular trend in lifetime smoking prevalence. Therefore, considering the APC effect could help us understand the trend in smoking rates, as well as the contextual factors that affect it.
| S-EPMC6815049 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionSmall-area estimation methods are an alternative to direct survey-based estimates in cases where a survey's sample size does not suffice to ensure representativeness. Nevertheless, the information yielded by small-area estimation methods must be validated. The objective of this study was thus to validate a small-area model.MethodsThe prevalence of smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers by sex and age group (15-34, 35-54, 55-64, 65-74, ≥75 years) was calculated in two Spanish Autonomous Regions (ARs) by applying a weighted ratio estimator (direct estimator) to data from representative surveys. These estimates were compared against those obtained with a small-area model applied to another survey, specifically the Spanish National Health Survey, which did not guarantee representativeness for these two ARs by sex and age. To evaluate the concordance of the estimates, we calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the 95% confidence intervals of the differences between estimates. To assess the precision of the estimates, the coefficients of variation were obtained.ResultsIn all cases, the ICC was ≥0.87, indicating good concordance between the direct and small-area model estimates. Slightly more than eight in ten 95% confidence intervals for the differences between estimates included zero. In all cases, the coefficient of variation of the small-area model was <30%, indicating a good degree of precision in the estimates.ConclusionsThe small-area model applied to national survey data yields valid estimates of smoking prevalence by sex and age group at the AR level. These models could thus be applied to a single year's data from a national survey, which does not guarantee regional representativeness, to characterize various risk factors in a population at a subnational level.
| S-EPMC10472341 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveApproximately one in four deaths among people living with HIV (PLWH) in the United States can be attributed to cigarette smoking. Using a nationally representative sample of PLWH, this study examines the prevalence, time-trends, and correlates of current cigarette smoking among PLWH compared to people without HIV.DesignSecondary analysis of population-based cross-sectional biobehavioral survey.MethodsData were pooled from the 1999-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). All adults (20-59 years) who self-reported their smoking status and were tested for HIV (HIV+ = 152; HIV- = 26 305) were included in the analysis. Prevalence with 95% confidence interval (95% CI), trend analysis by year and group (HIV+/HIV-), and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed with the complex survey design adjustments.ResultsOverall, 47.0% of PLWH were current smokers compared to 25.5% of those without HIV. From 1999 to 2016, the decline in smoking in PLWH was comparable to those without HIV (10.7% vs. 8.0%). PLWH smokers were more likely than PLWH nonsmokers to be substance users (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 17.52; 95% CI = 2.04 to 27.8). Compared to smokers without HIV, PLWH smokers were more likely to be older (1.10; 1.06 to 1.14), males (7.96; 2.50 to 25.40), non-Hispanic Black (10.45; 4.13 to 26.45), with depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 sum score ≥5) (3.79; 1.22 to 11.79), and less likely to be gay (0.02; 0.00 to 0.07).ConclusionCigarette smoking among PLWH is a major public health problem in the United States. Targeted and tailored smoking cessation interventions that incorporate assessment and treatment of depression and co-occurring substance use are critical for PLWH, especially among those who are disproportionately affected by smoking and HIV (sexual minority).ImplicationsThis study offers important research implications in four areas:1. The decline in smoking among PLWH over 18 years has been modest, and half of PLWH are still smokers.2. More resources and efforts should be allocated to reduce cigarette smoking among PLWH.3. There is a critical need to develop and test culturally tailored smoking cessation interventions for minority subgroups who are most impacted by HIV infection and smoking (non-Hispanic Blacks and men who have sex with men)4. Smoking cessation interventions designed for PLWH should incorporate assessment and treatment of depression and substance use.
| S-EPMC8517967 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundStudies have suggested that some US adult smokers are switching away from smoking to e-cigarette use. Nationally representative data may reflect such changes in smoking by assessing trends in cigarette and e-cigarette prevalence. The objective of this study is to assess whether and how much smoking prevalence differs from expectations since the introduction of e-cigarettes.MethodsAnnual estimates of smoking and e-cigarette use in US adults varying in age, race/ethnicity, and sex were derived from the National Health Interview Survey. Regression models were fitted to smoking prevalence trends before e-cigarettes became widely available (1999-2009) and trends were extrapolated to 2019 (counterfactual model). Smoking prevalence discrepancies, defined as the difference between projected and actual smoking prevalence from 2010 to 2019, were calculated, to evaluate whether actual smoking prevalence differed from those expected from counterfactual projections. The correlation between smoking discrepancies and e-cigarette use prevalence was investigated.ResultsActual overall smoking prevalence from 2010 to 2019 was significantly lower than counterfactual predictions. The discrepancy was significantly larger as e-cigarette use prevalence increased. In subgroup analyses, discrepancies in smoking prevalence were more pronounced for cohorts with greater e-cigarette use prevalence, namely adults ages 18-34, adult males, and non-Hispanic White adults.ConclusionPopulation-level data suggest that smoking prevalence has dropped faster than expected, in ways correlated with increased e-cigarette use. This population movement has potential public health implications.
| S-EPMC9580416 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesThis study aims to calculate the national prevalence of smoking among Chinese adults and to describe the hazard of smoking initiation by age during their adolescence, as well as the disparities in sex, residence and age groups.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingThe data were derived from a multistage sampling study conducted in 120 cities in China Mainland.ParticipantsA total of 9963 participants aged ≥19 years were included.Primary outcome measuresSurvival analysis was used to quantify the hazards of smoking initiation by a single year of age during adolescence, and the log-rank test was used to compare the hazard curves across subgroups.ResultsThe prevalence of current smoking among males and females was 27.7% and 2.0%, respectively, and 56.2% of current smokers began smoking at or before the age of 18. The hazard of smoking initiation during adolescence for females was less than 0.5%, and the hazard for males increased gradually before 14 years of age and increased sharply at age 15 (4.34%), then peaked at age 18 (6.24%). Males in rural experienced a higher hazard of smoking initiation than those in urban (χ2=5.35, p=0.02) and no such difference was found in females. By the age of 18 years, 11.7% of participants (1.8% for females and 23.4% for males) had ever smoked.ConclusionsThe prevalence of smoking among Chinese adults was lower than once reported. Males experienced higher hazards of smoking initiation at all ages than females. The hazard pattern suggests that the key focus for smoking prevention are males and adolescents aged 15-18 years, and future interventions should be delivered to the right target population at the appropriate time.
| S-EPMC11418542 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundLocal estimates of HIV-prevalence provide information that can be used to target interventions and consequently increase the efficiency of resources. This enhanced allocation can lead to better health outcomes, including the control of the disease spread, and for more people.MethodsIn this study, we used the DHS data phase V to estimate HIV prevalence at the first-subnational level in Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. We fitted the data to a spatial random effect intrinsic conditional autoregressive (ICAR) model to smooth the outcome. Further, we used a sampling specification from a multistage cluster design.ResultsWe found that Nyanza (Pi = 13.6%) and Nairobi (Pi = 7.1%) in Kenya, Iringa (Pi = 15.4%) and Mbeya (Pi = 9.3%) in Tanzania, and Gaza (Pi = 15.2%) and Maputo City (Pi = 12.9%) in Mozambique are the regions with the highest prevalence of HIV, within country. Our results are based on publicly available data that through statistically rigorous methods, allowed us to obtain an accurate visual representation of the HIV prevalence at a regional level.ConclusionsThese results can help in identification and targeting of high-prevalent regions to increase the supply of healthcare services to reduce the spread of the disease and increase the health quality of people living with HIV.
| S-EPMC8485867 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Brain age can be estimated using different Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) modalities including diffusion MRI. Recent studies demonstrated that white matter (WM) tracts that share the same function might experience similar alterations. Therefore, in this work, we sought to investigate such issue focusing on five WM bundles holding that feature that is Association, Brainstem, Commissural, Limbic and Projection fibers, respectively. For each tract group, we estimated brain age for 15,335 healthy participants from United Kingdom Biobank relying on diffusion MRI data derived endophenotypes, Bayesian ridge regression modeling and 10 fold-cross validation. Furthermore, we estimated brain age for an Ensemble model that gathers all the considered WM bundles. Association analysis was subsequently performed between the estimated brain age delta as resulting from the six models, that is for each tract group as well as for the Ensemble model, and 38 daily life style measures, 14 cardiac risk factors and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging features and genetic variants. The Ensemble model that used all tracts from all fiber groups (FG) performed better than other models to estimate brain age. Limbic tracts based model reached the highest accuracy with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 5.08, followed by the Commissural ([Formula: see text]), Association ([Formula: see text]), and Projection ([Formula: see text]) ones. The Brainstem tracts based model was the less accurate achieving a MAE of 5.86. Accordingly, our study suggests that the Limbic tracts experience less brain aging or allows for more accurate estimates compared to other tract groups. Moreover, the results suggest that Limbic tract leads to the largest number of significant associations with daily lifestyle factors than the other tract groups. Lastly, two SNPs were significantly (p value [Formula: see text]) associated with brain age delta in the Projection fibers. Those SNPs are mapped to HIST1H1A and SLC17A3 genes.
| S-EPMC8523533 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In a cross-sectional approach, we analyzed the influence of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and education on salivary protein signatures in whole saliva samples of 187 individuals. Subjects were randomly selected from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-Trend).
2017-05-16 | PXD006367 | Pride
Project description:AimsTobacco smoking has been identified as the most important risk factor of chronic bronchitis. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of smoking to the trends in prevalence of chronic bronchitis among men and women in Finland.MethodsFor this purpose, we analysed questionnaires included in national FINRISK and FinHealth studies conducted between 1972 and 2017 in 5-year intervals. A total of 26,475 men and 28,684 women aged 30-59 years were included in the analysis. In addition to smoking, age and socioeconomic status were used as risk factors in the logistic regression model.ResultsSmoking in Finland has declined from 51% to 23% in men between 1972 and 2017. In women, it increased from 11% in 1972 to 23% in 2002, with a following decrease to 16% in 2017. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis has generally followed the trend of smoking. The population attributable risk was 60% in men and 49% in women. A decrease in chronic bronchitis was observed in male never-smokers.Conclusions
| S-EPMC10642213 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and aimsGlaucoma, a group of eye diseases, is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. However, reports on the prevalence of glaucoma in the South Asian region have not been up-to-date. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of glaucoma in South Asia and analyze its trends by age and sex.MethodsAdhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines, a comprehensive search was undertaken on several electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, to retrieve relevant studies published until June 2023.ResultsA total of 17 population-based studies, including 77,790 subjects (37,950 male and 39,709 female), were included in the meta-analysis based on set inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of glaucoma in South Asia was 2.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-2.6). Among the subtypes, the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) was 1.6% (95% CI: 1.2-2.1), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.4-1.0), and secondary glaucoma was 0.3% (95% CI: 0.1-0.5). The prevalence trend of glaucoma increased with age and was higher in males. POAG prevalence was found to be higher in all age groups than the prevalence of PACG and highest in people > 80 years old (7.25% vs. 2.12%). The prevalence of POAG was also higher in males (2.26%) than in females (1.61%), whereas PACG prevalence was similar for both males and females.ConclusionThis study highlights a significant burden of glaucoma in South Asia, particularly among older adults and males, with POAG being the most common subtype. These findings may assist public health leaders in understanding the scenario of glaucoma in South Asia and implementing public health strategies to combat glaucoma.
| S-EPMC11919741 | biostudies-literature