Factors affecting the rumen fluid foaming performance in goat fed high concentrate diet
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Tan Z
PROVIDER: S-EPMC10904640 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Rumen-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is translocated from the rumen into the bloodstream when subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) occurs following long-term feeding with a high-concentrate (HC) diet in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of inflammatory responses in the liver caused by HC diet feeding. We found that SARA was induced in dairy cows when rumen pH below 5.6 lasted for at least 3 h/d with HC diet feeding. Also, the LPS levels in the portal and hepatic veins were increased significantly and hepatocytes were impaired as well as the liver function was inhibited during SARA condition. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of immune genes including TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) MAPK, Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and serum amyloid A (SAA) in the liver were significantly increased in SARA cows. Moreover, the phosphorylation level of NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK proteins in the liver and the concentration of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in peripheral blood were obviously increased under SARA condition. In conclusion, the inflammatory injury in the liver caused by LPS that traveled from the digestive tract to the liver through the portal vein after feeding with a HC diet.
| S-EPMC5564522 | biostudies-other
Project description:Beef cattle are often fed high-concentrate diet (HCD) to achieve high growth rate. However, HCD feeding is strongly associated with metabolic disorders. Mild acid treatment of grains in HCD with 1% hydrochloric acid (HA) followed by neutralization with sodium bicarbonate (SB) might modify rumen fermentation patterns and microbiota, thereby decreasing the negative effects of HCD. This study was thus aimed to investigate the effects of treatment of corn with 1% HA and subsequent neutralization with SB on rumen fermentation and microbiota, inflammatory response and growth performance in beef cattle fed HCD. Eighteen beef cattle were randomly allocated to three groups and each group was fed different diets: low-concentrate diet (LCD) (concentrate : forage = 40 : 60), HCD (concentrate : forage = 60 : 40) or HCD based on treated corn (HCDT) with the same concentrate to forage ratio as the HCD. The corn in the HCDT was steeped in 1% HA (wt/wt) for 48 h and neutralized with SB after HA treatment. The animal trial lasted for 42 days with an adaptation period of 7 days. At the end of the trial, rumen fluid samples were collected for measuring ruminal pH values, short-chain fatty acids, endotoxin (or lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and bacterial microbiota. Plasma samples were collected at the end of the trial to determine the concentrations of plasma LPS, proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins (APPs). The results showed that compared with the LCD, feeding the HCD had better growth performance due to a shift in the ruminal fermentation pattern from acetate towards propionate, butyrate and valerate. However, the HCD decreased ruminal pH and increased ruminal LPS release and the concentrations of plasma proinflammatory cytokines and APPs. Furthermore, feeding the HCD reduced bacterial richness and diversity in the rumen. Treatment of corn increased resistant starch (RS) content. Compared with the HCD, feeding the HCDT reduced ruminal LPS and improved ruminal bacterial microbiota, resulting in decreased inflammation and improved growth performance. In conclusion, although the HCD had better growth performance than the LCD, feeding the HCD promoted the pH reduction and the LPS release in the rumen, disturbed the ruminal bacterial stability and increased inflammatory response. Treatment of corn with HA in combination with subsequent SB neutralization increased the RS content and helped counter the negative effects of feeding HCD to beef steers.
| S-EPMC7435151 | biostudies-literature
Project description:rumen fluid from goat Raw sequence reads
| PRJNA510909 | ENA
Project description:An in vivo study aiming to investigate the rumen methanogens community structure was conducted in Mandya sheep fed on straw and concentrate diet. The ruminal fluid samples were collected and processed for unravelling the rumen microbiota and methanogens diversity. Further, the daily enteric methane emission and methane yield was also quantified using the SF6 tracer technique. Results indicated that the Bacteroidetes (∼57%) and Firmicutes (25%) were two prominent affiliates of the bacterial community. Archaea represented about 2.5% of the ruminal microbiota. Methanobacteriales affiliated methanogens were the most prevalent in sheep rumen. The study inveterate that the ruminal archaea community in sheep is composed of 9 genera and 18 species. Methanobrevibacter represented the largest genus of the archaeome, while methylotrophs genera constituted only 13% of the community. Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii was the prominent methanogen, and Methaobrevibacter ruminantium distributed at a lower frequency (∼2.5%). Among Methanomassiliicoccales, Group 12 sp. ISO4-H5 constituted the most considerable fraction (∼11%). KEGG reference pathway for methane metabolism indicated the formation of methane through hydrogenotrophic and methylotrophic pathways, whereas the acetoclastic pathway was not functional in sheep. The enteric methane emission and methane yield was 19.7 g/d and 20.8 g/kg DMI, respectively. Various species of Methanobrevibacter were differently correlated, and the distribution of hydrogenotrophic methanogens mainly explained the variability in methane yield between the individual sheep. It can be inferred from the study that the hydrogenotrophic methanogens dominate the rumen archaeal community in sheep and methylotrophic/aceticlastic methanogens represent a minor fraction of the community. Further studies are warranted for establishing the metabolic association between the prevalent hydrogenotrophs and methylotrophs to identify the key reaction for reducing methane emission.
| S-EPMC9234715 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Energy-rich diets can challenge metabolic and protective functions of the rumen epithelial cells, but the underlying factors are unclear. This study sought to evaluate proteomic changes of the rumen epithelium in goats fed a low, medium, or high energy diet. Expression of protein changes were compared by two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis followed by protein identification with matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Of about 2,000 spots commonly detected in all gels, 64 spots were significantly regulated, which were traced back to 24 unique proteins. Interestingly, the expression profiles of several chaperone proteins with important cellular protective functions such as heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein, peroxiredoxin-6, serpin H1, protein disulfide-isomerase, and selenium-binding protein were collectively downregulated in response to high dietary energy supply. Similar regulation patterns were obtained for some other proteins involved in transport or metabolic functions. In contrast, metabolic enzymes like retinal dehydrogenase 1 and ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial precursor were upregulated in response to high energy diet. Lower expressions of chaperone proteins in the rumen epithelial cells in response to high energy supply may suggest that these cells were less protected against the potentially harmful rumen toxic compounds, which might have consequences for rumen and systemic health. Our findings also suggest that energy-rich diets and the resulting acidotic insult may render rumen epithelial cells more vulnerable to cellular damage by attenuating their cell defense system, hence facilitating the impairment of rumen barrier function, typically observed in energy-rich fed ruminants.
| S-EPMC3857193 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundLong-term high-concentrate diet (HCD) feeding can cause subacute ruminal acidosis in cows and subsequently trigger systemic inflammatory and immune responses. Therefore, we conducted the present study in which twelve lactating cows installed with ruminal fistula were randomly assigned to the HCD group (forage:concentrate = 4:6, n = 6) or the low-concentrate diet (LCD) group (forage:concentrate = 6:4, n = 6) and were fed for 20 weeks. Ruminal fluid, plasma and mammary gland tissue samples were collected at week 20 for analysing lipopolysaccharide (LPS), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and immune relevant gene expression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rumen-derived LPS on lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) synthesis and immune responses in mammary glands of lactating cows fed a HCD.ResultsCompared with the LCD group, the ruminal pH was lower in the HCD group, while LPS concentrations in the rumen, lacteal artery and vein were higher. The expression of LAP, BNBD5, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α was enhanced in the HCD group. LAP protein expression was higher in the HCD group than that in the LCD group. The expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB) did not change, but was activated, as the amounts of phosphorylated NF-kB and phosphorylated inhibitory kBα increased in the HCD group compared with that in the LCD group.ConclusionsAfter long-term HCD feeding, rumen-derived LPS translocated to the blood stream, triggered inflammatory and immune responses and enhanced LAP synthesis via the NF-kB signalling pathway in mammary glands of lactating cows.
| S-EPMC4924273 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The buffering capacity of buffer agents and their effects on in vitro and in vivo rumen fermentation characteristics, and bacterial composition of a high-concentrate fed Hanwoo steers were investigated in this study. Treatments were comprised of CON (no buffer added), BC0.3% (low buffering capacity, 0.3% buffer), BC0.5% (medium buffering capacity, 0.5% buffer), and BC0.9% (high buffering capacity, 0.9% buffer). Four Hanwoo steers in a 4 × 4 Latin square design were used for the in vivo trial to assess the effect of treatments. Results on in vitro experiment showed that buffering capacity, pH, and ammonia-nitrogen concentration (NH3-N) were significantly higher in BC0.9% and BC0.5% than the other treatments after 24 h incubation. Individual and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration of CON were lowest compared to treatment groups. Meanwhile, in vivo experiment revealed that Bacteroidetes were dominant for all treatments followed by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The abundances of Barnesiella intestinihominis, Treponema porcinum, and Vibrio marisflavi were relatively highest under BC0.9%, Ruminoccocus bromii and Succiniclasticum ruminis under BC0.5%, and Bacteroides massiliensis under BC0.3%. The normalized data of relative abundance of observed OTUs' representative families have grouped the CON with BC0.3% in the same cluster, whereas BC0.5% and BC0.9% were clustered separately which indicates the effect of varying buffering capacity of buffer agents. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) on unweighted UniFrac distances revealed close similarity of bacterial community structures within and between treatments and control, in which BC0.9% and BC0.3% groups showed dispersed community distribution. Overall, increasing the buffering capacity by supplementation of BC0.5% and and BC0.9% buffer agents enhanced rumen fermentation characteristics and altered the rumen bacterial community, which could help prevent ruminal acidosis during a high-concentrate diet.
| S-EPMC9715728 | biostudies-literature
Project description:High roughage diet causes more methane emissions; however, the total methanogen abundance is not influenced by roughage proportion. Technologies to reduce methane emissions are lacking, and development of inhibitors and vaccines that mitigate rumen-derived methane by targeting methanogens relies on present knowledge of the methanogens. In this work, we have investigated molecular diversity of rumen methanogens of Surti buffalo. DNA from rumen fluid was extracted, and 16S rRNA encoding genes were amplified using methanogen specific primer to generate 16S rDNA clone libraries. Seventy-six clones were randomly selected and analysed by RFLP resulting in 21 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). BLAST analysis with available sequences in database revealed sequences of 13 OTUs (55 clones) showing similarity with Methanomicrobium sp, 3 OTUs (15 clones) with Methanobrevibacter sp. The remaining 5 OTUs (6 clones) belonged to uncultured archaea. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that methanogenic communities found in the library were clustered in the order of Methanomicrobiales (18 OTUs) and Methanobacteriales (3 OTUs). The population of Methanomicrobiales, Methanobacteriales, and Methanococcales were also observed, accounting for 1.94%, 0.72%, and 0.47% of total archaea, respectively.
| S-EPMC3687512 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study investigated the effects of rumen bypass dandelion extract on the lactation performance, immune index, and mammary oxidative stress of lactating dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet. This study used a complete randomized block design, and initial milk production, somatic cell counts, and parities were set as block factors. Sixty Holstein cows with similar health conditions and lactating periods (70 ± 15 d) were divided into three groups with 20 replicates per group. The treatments included the LCD group (low-concentrate diet, concentrate-forage = 4:6), HCD group (high-concentrate group, concentrate-forage = 6:4), and DAE group (dandelion aqueous extract group, HCD group with 0.5% DAE). The experimental period was 35 d, and cows were fed three times in the morning, afternoon, and night with free access to water. The results showed the following: (1) Milk production in the HCD and DAE groups was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in the LCD group from WK4, and the milk quality differed during the experimental period. (2) The HCD group's pH values significantly differed (p < 0.01) from those of the LCD and DAE groups. (3) In WK2 and WK4 of the experimental period, the somatic cell counts of dairy cows in the HCD group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the DAE group. (4) The serum concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and protein carbonyl (PC) in the HCD group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the LCD group. The activity of catalase (CAT) in the LCD and DAE groups was stronger (p < 0.01) than that in the HCD group. (5) The correlation analysis revealed significantly positive correlations between the plasma LPS concentration and serum concentrations of 8-OHdG (p < 0.01), PC (p < 0.01), and malondialdehyde (MDA, p < 0.05) and significantly negative correlations (p < 0.01) between the plasma LPS concentration and activities of CAT and superoxide dismutase. (6) Compared with that in the HCD and DAE groups, the mRNA expression of α, β, and κ casein and acetyl CoA carboxylase in bovine mammary epithelial cells was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the LCD group, and the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthetase and stearoyl CoA desaturase in the LCD group was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that in the HCD group. (7) Compared with that in the LCD and HCD groups, the mRNA expression of Nrf2 was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the DAE group, and the mRNA expression of cystine/glutamate transporter and NAD (P) H quinone oxidoreductase 1 in the DAE group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in the HCD group. Overall, feeding a high-concentrate diet could increase the milk yield of dairy cows, but the milk quality, rumen homeostasis, and antioxidative capability were adversely affected. The supplementation of DAE in a high-concentrate diet enhanced antioxidative capability by activating the Nrf2 regulatory factor and improved rumen homeostasis and production performance.
| S-EPMC11172500 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The accumulation and disposal of by-products deriving from the agro-food industry represents a problem both from an economic and environmental point of view. The use of these matrices in zootechnical nutrition could represent a feasible solution. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of a diet containing olive leaves (OL), a by-product of the olive industry, on the ruminal microbial community of Saanen goat kids and on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced during the digestion. Twenty goat kids were randomly divided into two groups of ten goat kids each. The control group (CTR) was fed with a standard diet, while the experimental group (OL+) received a custom-formulated diet containing 10 % OL on a dry matter (DM) basis. After 30 days of trial, genomic DNA was extracted from the rumen liquor and prepared for 16S rRNA-gene sequencing to characterize the rumen microbiota; furthermore, rumen VOCs were also characterized by solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The Shannon's alpha index was not significantly different between the two groups, on the contrary, Bray-Curtis (p < 0.01) and Jaccard (p < 0.01) distances evidenced that feed affected microbial community. Eleven genera were influenced by OL supplementation, with a significant increase (p < 0.05) in Paludibacter, Fibrobacter, Sphaerochaeta Christensenella, Rikenella, Oligosphaera, Candidatus Endomicrobium, Anaerovorax, and Atopobium was observed, while the percentages of Bacteroides and Selenomonas were reduced (p < 0.05). Differences were also observed between the two groups at the family level (p < 0.004). Fibrobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, Oligosphaeraceae, Candidatus Endomicrobium, and Planctomycetaceae were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in goat kids fed OL diet compared to CTR, while the levels of other identified families, Succinivibrionaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae, were opposite (p < 0.05). Finally, results showed that the main phyla in both groups were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; however, no significant differences in the relative abundance of any phyla were observed between the two groups. In addition to what has been reported, the analysis of VOCs at the rumen level showed the ability of the OL integration to induce an increase in hexanoic acid and a parallel decrease in decanal. Furthermore, only in OL+ samples there was the accumulation of α-terpineol to which a wide range of interesting biological properties is attributed. The presence of VOCs associated with health status suggests a favorable role of OL in preserving and improving animal welfare.
| S-EPMC9505022 | biostudies-literature