Vitamin E biofortification: enhancement of seed tocopherol concentrations by altered chlorophyll metabolism
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Qin P
PROVIDER: S-EPMC10925712 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is known to affect the lipid metabolism in growing and lactating animals. However, potential effects on the metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins in lactating animals and co-occurring effects on their offspring are unknown. We aimed to investigate the effects of dietary CLA on concentrations of tocopherol in various tissues of lactating rats and their offspring and expression of genes involved in tocopherol metabolism.MethodsTwenty-eight Wistar Han rats were allocated to 2 groups and fed either a control diet (control group) or a diet containing 0.9 % of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 (1:1) CLA (CLA group) during pregnancy and lactation. Feed intake of dams and body weight of dams and their pups were recorded weekly. Tocopherol concentrations in various body tissues were determined at day 14 of lactation in dams and 1, 7 and 14 days after birth in pups. Expression of selected genes involved in metabolism of tocopherol was determined in dams and pups. The data were statistically analysed by analysis of variance.ResultsFeed intake and body weight development of nursing rats and their pups was similar in both groups. In livers of CLA-fed dams, tocopherol concentrations decreased by 24 % but expression of TTPA and CYP3A1, involved in tocopherol transport and metabolism, were not influenced. In the dams' adipose tissue, gene expression of receptors involved in tissue tocopherol uptake, LDLR and SCARB1, but not of LPL, increased by 30 to 50 % and tocopherol concentrations increased by 47 % in CLA-fed compared to control dams. Expression of LPL, LDLR and SCARB1 in mammary gland was not influenced by CLA-feeding. Tocopherol concentrations in the pup's livers and lungs were similar in both groups, but at 14 days of age, adipose tissue tocopherol concentrations, and LDLR and SCARB1 expression, were higher in the CLA-exposed pups.ConclusionsWe show that dietary CLA affects tissue concentrations of tocopherol in lactating rats and tocopherol metabolism in rats and pups, but hardly influences tissue tocopherol concentrations in their offspring. This indicates that supplementation of CLA in pregnant and lactating animals is uncritical considering the tocopherol status of new-borns.
| S-EPMC4888485 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) seeds are abundant in physiologically active metabolites, including carotenoids and chlorophylls, and are used as an affordable source of functional foods that promote and maintain human health. The distribution and variation of soybean seed metabolites are influenced by plant genetic characteristics and environmental factors. Here, we investigated the effects of germplasm origin, genotype, seed coat color and maturity group (MG) on the concentration variation of carotenoid and chlorophyll components in 408 soybean germplasm accessions collected from China, Japan, the USA and Russia. The results showed that genotype, germplasm origin, seed color, and MG were significant variation sources of carotenoid and chlorophyll contents in soybean seeds. The total carotenoids showed about a 25-fold variation among the soybean germplasms, with an overall mean of 12.04 µg g-1. Russian soybeans yielded 1.3-fold higher total carotenoids compared with Chinese and Japanese soybeans. Similarly, the total chlorophylls were substantially increased in Russian soybeans compared to the others. Soybeans with black seed coat color contained abundant concentrations of carotenoids, with mainly lutein (19.98 µg g-1), β-carotene (0.64 µg g-1) and total carotenoids (21.04 µg g-1). Concentrations of lutein, total carotenoids and chlorophylls generally decreased in late MG soybeans. Overall, our results demonstrate that soybean is an excellent dietary source of carotenoids, which strongly depend on genetic factors, germplasm origin, MG and seed coat color. Thus, this study suggests that soybean breeders should consider these factors along with environmental factors in developing carotenoid-rich cultivars and related functional food resources.
| S-EPMC9003432 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAlthough the seed oil content in canola is a crucial quality determining trait, the regulatory mechanisms of its formation are not fully discovered. This study compared the silique and seed physiological characteristics including fresh and dry weight, seed oil content, chlorophyll content, and carbohydrate content in a high oil content line (HOCL) and a low oil content line (LOCL) of canola derived from a recombinant inbred line in 2010, 2011, and 2012. The aim of the investigation is to uncover the physiological regulation of silique and seed developmental events on seed oil content in canola.ResultsOn average, 83% and 86% of silique matter while 69% and 63% of seed matter was produced before 30 days after anthesis (DAA) in HOCL and LOCL, respectively, over three years. Furthermore, HOCL exhibited significantly higher fresh and dry matter at most developmental stages of siliques and seeds. From 20 DAA, lipids were deposited in the seed of HOCL significantly faster than that of LOCL, which was validated by transmission electron microscopy, showing that HOCL accumulates considerable more oil bodies in the seed cells. Markedly higher silique chlorophyll content was observed in HOCL consistently over the three consecutive years, implying a higher potential of photosynthetic capacity in siliques of HOCL. As a consequence, HOCL exhibited significantly higher content of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and starch mainly at 20 to 45 DAA, a key stage of seed lipid deposition. Moreover, seed sugar content was usually higher than silique indicating the importance of sugar transportation from siliques to seeds as substrate for lipid biosynthesis. The much lower silique cellulose content in HOCL was beneficial for lipid synthesis rather than consuming excessive carbohydrate for cell wall.ConclusionsSuperior physiological characteristics of siliques in HOCL showed advantage to produce more photosynthetic assimilates, which were highly correlated to seed oil contents.
| S-EPMC5432831 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In order to elucidate transcriptional and metabolic networks associated with Lys metabolism, we utilized developing seeds as a system in which Lys synthesis could be stimulated developmentally without application of chemicals and coupled this to a T-DNA insertion knockout mutation impaired in Lys catabolism. This seed-specific metabolic perturbation stimulated Lys accumulation starting from the initiation of storage reserve accumulation. Our results revealed that the response of seed metabolism to the inducible alteration of Lys metabolism was relatively minor, however, that which was observable operated in a modular manner. They also demonstrated that Lys metabolism is strongly associated with the operation of the TCA cycle, whilst largely disconnected from other metabolic networks. In contrast, the inducible alteration of Lys metabolism was strongly associated with gene networks, stimulating the expression of hundreds of genes controlling anabolic processes that are associated with plant performance and vigor, whilst suppressing a small number of genes associated with plant stress interactions. The most pronounced effect of the developmentally-inducible alteration of Lys metabolism was an induction of expression of a large set of genes encoding ribosomal proteins as well as genes encoding translation initiation and elongation factors, all of which are associated with protein synthesis. With respect to metabolic regulation, the inducible alteration of Lys metabolism was primarily associated with altered expression of genes belonging to networks of amino acids and sugar metabolism. The combined data are discussed within the context of network interactions both between and within metabolic and transcriptional control systems.
2009-09-20 | GSE18112 | GEO
Project description:The available evidence indicates that ?-tocopherol has more potential for colon cancer prevention than ?-tocopherol, but little is known about the effects of foods and supplements on tocopherol levels in human colon. This study randomized 120 subjects at increased colon cancer risk to either a Mediterranean or a Healthy Eating diet for 6 mo. Supplement use was reported by 39% of the subjects, and vitamin E intake from supplements was twofold higher than that from foods. Serum ?-tocopherol at baseline was positively predicted by dietary intakes of synthetic vitamin E in foods and supplements but not by natural ?-tocopherol from foods. For serum ?-tocopherol, dietary ?-tocopherol was not a predictor, but dietary ?-tocopherol was a negative predictor. Unlike with serum, the data supported a role for metabolic factors, and not a direct effect of diet, in governing concentrations of both ?- and ?-tocopherol in colon. The Mediterranean intervention increased intakes of natural ?-tocopherol, which is high in nuts, and decreased intakes of ?-tocopherol, which is low in olive oil. These dietary changes had no significant effects on colon tocopherols. The impact of diet on colon tocopherols therefore appears to be limited.
| S-EPMC4281489 | biostudies-literature
Project description:All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, has antifibrogenic properties in vitro and in animal models. Liver vitamin A homeostasis is maintained by cell-specific enzymatic activities including storage in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), secretion into circulation from hepatocytes, and formation and clearance of atRA. During chronic liver injury, HSC activation is associated with a decrease in liver retinyl esters and retinol concentrations. atRA is synthesized through two enzymatic steps from retinol, but it is unknown if the loss of retinoid stores is associated with changes in atRA formation and which cell types contribute to the metabolic changes. The aim of this study was to determine if the vitamin A metabolic flux is perturbed in acute liver injury, and if changes in atRA concentrations are associated with HSC activation and collagen expression. At basal levels, HSC and Kupffer cells expressed key genes involved in vitamin A metabolism, whereas after acute liver injury, complex changes to the metabolic flux were observed in liver slices. These changes include a reproducible spike in atRA tissue concentrations, decreased retinyl ester and atRA formation rate, and time-dependent changes to the expression of metabolizing enzymes. Kinetic simulations suggested that oxidoreductases are important in determining retinoid metabolic flux after liver injury. These early changes precede HSC activation and upregulation of profibrogenic gene expression, which were inversely correlated with atRA tissue concentrations, suggesting that HSC and Kupffer cells are key cells involved in changes to vitamin A metabolic flux and signaling after liver injury. Study Highlights WHAT IS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC? Vitamin A is metabolized in the liver for storage as retinyl esters in hepatic stellate cell (HSCs) or to all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), an active metabolite with antifibrogenic properties. Following chronic liver injury, vitamin A metabolic flux is perturbed, and HSC activation leads to diminished retinoid stores. WHAT QUESTION DID THIS STUDY ADDRESS? Do changes in the expression of vitamin A metabolizing enzymes explain changes in atRA concentrations and the regulation of fibrosis following acute liver injury? WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD TO OUR KNOWLEDGE? In healthy liver, both HSC and Kupffer cells may mediate vitamin A homeostasis. Following acute liver injury, complex changes in metabolizing enzyme expression/activity alter the metabolic flux of retinoids, resulting in a transient peak in atRA concentrations. The atRA concentrations are inversely correlated with profibrogenic gene expression, HSC activation, and collagen deposition. HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OR TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE? Improved understanding of altered vitamin A metabolic flux in acute liver injury may provide insight into cell-specific contributions to vitamin A loss and lead to novel interventions in liver fibrosis.
| S-EPMC8212748 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Ascorbic acid (AsA), chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and their associated gene expression patterns were analysed in Actinidia chinensis 'Hongyang' outer pericarp. The results showed chlorophyll degradation during fruit development and softening, exposed the yellow carotenoid pigments. LHCB1 and CLS1 gene expressions were decreased, while PPH2 and PPH3 gene expressions were increased, indicating that downregulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and upregulation of its degradation, caused chlorophyll degradation. A decrease in the expression of the late carotenoid biosynthesis and maintenance genes (LCYB1, LCYE1, CYP1, CYP2, ZEP1, VDE1, VDE2, and NCED2) and degradation gene (CCD1), showed biosynthesis and degradation of carotenoid could be regulatory factors involved in fruit development. Most genes expression data of L-galactose and recycling pathway were agreement with the AsA concentrations in the fruit, suggesting these are the predominant pathways of AsA biosynthesis. GMP1, GME1 and GGP1 were identified as the key genes controlling AsA biosynthesis in 'Hongyang' outer pericarp.
| S-EPMC5868826 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundTocopherols are a class of lipid-soluble compounds that have multiple functional roles in plants and exhibit vitamin E activity, an essential nutrient for human and animal health. The tocopherol biosynthetic pathway is conserved across the plant kingdom, but source of the key tocopherol pathway precursor, phytol, is unclear. Two protochlorophyllide reductases (POR1 and POR2) were previously identified as loci controlling the natural variation of total tocopherols in maize grain, a non-photosynthetic tissue. POR1 and POR2 are key genes in chlorophyll biosynthesis yet the contribution of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway to tocopherol biosynthesis is still not understood.ResultsWe took two approaches to alter the activity of these two POR genes within kernel tissue, physiological treatments and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockouts, to determine the role of chlorophyll biosynthesis for tocopherol content. Since light is required for POR enzymatic activity, we imposed a dark treatment on developing kernels, which reduced chlorophyll a and tocopherols levels in embryo tissue by 92-99% and 87-90%, respectively, compared to the light treatment. In CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockouts, the levels of chlorophyll a and tocopherols in embryos of the por1 por2 double homozygous mutant were reduced by 98-100% and 76-83%, respectively, compared to WT.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that tocopherol synthesis in maize grain depends almost entirely on phytol derived from chlorophyll biosynthesis within the embryo. POR1 and POR2 activity play crucial roles in chlorophyll biosynthesis, underscoring the importance of POR alleles and their activity in the biofortification of vitamin E levels in non-photosynthetic grain of maize.
| S-EPMC11905637 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Pregnancy and lactation are associated with changes in vitamin D and calcium metabolism but the impact of these changes on vitamin D expenditure is unknown. We measured plasma 25(OH)D3 half-life with a stable-isotope tracer and investigated relationships with vitamin D metabolites in pregnant, lactating and 'non-pregnant, non-lactating' (NPNL) women. Vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D binding protein (DBP), PTH and 25(OH)D3 half-life were measured in third-trimester pregnant women (n22) and repeated during lactation 12 weeks post-partum (n14) and twice in NPNL women (n23 and n10, respectively) in rural Gambia where calcium intakes are low with little seasonality in UVB-exposure. 25(OH)D3 half-life was not significantly different between groups (mean(SD): 20.6(6.8), 22.6(7.7), 18.0(4.7) and 17.7(9.5) days in pregnant, lactating and NPNL women, respectively). Plasma 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D, and DBP were higher in pregnancy, and calculated free-25(OH)D3 and PTH were lower (P < 0.05). In lactation, 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 were lower compared to pregnant (P < 0.001, P = 0.02) and NPNL women (P = 0.04, P = 0.07). Significant associations were observed between half-life and 25(OH)D3 (+ve) in pregnancy, and in all groups between 25(OH)D3 and free-25(OH)D3 (+ve) and PTH and 25(OH)D3 (-ve) (P < 0.0001). These data suggest that adaptive changes in pregnancy and lactation occur that prevent pronounced changes in vitamin D expenditure.
| S-EPMC4879580 | biostudies-other
Project description:'Hidden hunger' involves insufficient intake of micronutrients and is estimated to affect over two billion people on a global scale. Malnutrition of vitamins and minerals is known to cause an alarming number of casualties, even in the developed world. Many staple crops, although serving as the main dietary component for large population groups, deliver inadequate amounts of micronutrients. Biofortification, the augmentation of natural micronutrient levels in crop products through breeding or genetic engineering, is a pivotal tool in the fight against micronutrient malnutrition (MNM). Although these approaches have shown to be successful in several species, a more extensive knowledge of plant metabolism and function of these micronutrients is required to refine and improve biofortification strategies. This review focuses on the relevant B-vitamins (B1, B6, and B9). First, the role of these vitamins in plant physiology is elaborated, as well their biosynthesis. Second, the rationale behind vitamin biofortification is illustrated in view of pathophysiology and epidemiology of the deficiency. Furthermore, advances in biofortification, via metabolic engineering or breeding, are presented. Finally, considerations on B-vitamin multi-biofortified crops are raised, comprising the possible interplay of these vitamins in planta.
| S-EPMC5897740 | biostudies-literature