A comprehensive review of the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Murrayae Folium et Cacumen
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SUBMITTER: Qi Y
PROVIDER: S-EPMC11007094 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Euodiae Fructus (EF) is the dried and nearly ripe fruit of Euodia rutaecarpa, first recorded in Shen Nong's Herbal Classic. EF is a versatile Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) known for the effects of dispelling colds and alleviating pain, suppressing adverse qi to relieve vomiting, and boosting yang to mitigate diarrhea. However, it should be noted that EF possesses mild toxicity. In TCM prescriptions, EF is employed to treat various ailments, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, chronic non-atrophic gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome, and primary dysmenorrhea. This review collected the literature published before September 2024 on EF. An exhaustive analysis of EF literature was conducted utilizing multiple sources, namely classic TCM books and various scientific databases like Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, ACS, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure. So far, more than 300 metabolites have been extracted and identified from EF, exhibiting various pharmacological effects, such as cardiovascular protection, gastrointestinal protection, neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, analgesia, anti-tumor, glucose and lipid metabolism regulation, etc. It also exhibits diverse toxicological properties and poses specific toxic risks to the liver, heart, and kidney. Nonetheless, research is scarce regarding the toxicology of EF, especially on its cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Further in-depth research is necessary to explore the mechanisms underlying EF's pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms and to develop strategies for quality control and toxicity mitigation. The toxicity of EF can be reduced by processing, but this aspect is rarely discussed, and the quality control needs to be further standardized. Evodiamine, rutaecarpine, and limonin are the effective metabolites of EF and are also one of the causes of EF toxicity. The pharmacological effects of evodiamine and rutaecarpine have been intensely studied, but there are few studies on limonin and other metabolites of EF. Therefore, this paper focuses on the botanical characteristics, traditional applications, processing methods, phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacology, and toxicology of EF. We hope this paper provides a theoretical basis for the future high-value and high-connotation development of EF.
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Project description:Dianthi herba (called "Qumai" in Chinese) is the dried aerial part of Dianthus superbus L. and Dianthus chinensis L. The species are mainly distributed in the temperate and warm temperate regions in the northern hemisphere, and some regions in Africa and Oceania, as well as South America. However, the distribution pattern of Dianthi herba has not been reviewed. In this review, we summarize the research progress on the botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical applications of Dianthi herba. Approximately 194 chemical compounds have been identified and isolated from Dianthi herba, the most important being triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, and volatile oil compounds. These compounds possess antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, inter alia. Further studies should be carried out on Dianthi herba to elucidate more of its active principles and their mechanisms of action.
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Project description:Astragali Radix (Huangqi) is mainly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, South America, and Africa and rarely in North America and Oceania. It has long been used as an ethnomedicine in the Russian Federation, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, and China. It was first recorded in the Shennong Ben Cao Jing and includes the effects of reinforcing healthy qi, dispelling pathogenic factors, promoting diuresis, reducing swelling, activating blood circulation, and dredging collaterals. This review systematically summarizes the botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, traditional uses, pharmacology, and toxicology of Astragalus to explore the potential of Huangqi and expand its applications. Data were obtained from databases such as PubMed, CNKI, Wan Fang Data, Baidu Scholar, and Google Scholar. The collected material also includes classic works of Chinese herbal medicine, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Chinese Medicine Dictionary, and PhD and Master's theses. The pharmacological effects of the isoflavone fraction in Huangqi have been studied extensively; The pharmacological effects of Huangqi isoflavone are mainly reflected in its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, and anti-diabetic properties and its ability to treat several related diseases. Additionally, the medicinal uses, chemical composition, pharmacological activity, toxicology, and quality control of Huangqi require further elucidation. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the botany, phytochemistry, traditional uses, pharmacology, toxicology, and quality control of Astragalus to assist future innovative research and to identify and develop new drugs involving Huangqi.
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Project description:Brucine, a weak alkaline indole alkaloid, is one of the main bioactive and toxic constituents of Nux-vomica. Modern pharmacology studies and clinical practice demonstrate that brucine possesses wide pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and the effects on cardiovascular system and nervous system, etc. However, its central nervous system toxicity severely limits its clinical application. Herein, the physicochemical properties, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of brucine were reviewed, and the novel strategies to address the toxicity issues were discussed, aiming to bring new insights into further research and application of this active component.
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Project description:Tsaoko Fructus, the dried ripe fruit of Amomum tsao-ko Crevost & Lemarié, is used as both medicinal material and food additive. This review summarized the traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological progress on Tsaoko Fructus. One classical prescription and the other 11 representative prescriptions containing Tsaoko Fructus were reviewed. The indications of these prescriptions are major in treating spleen and stomach disorders and epidemic febrile diseases including malaria. At least 209 compounds have been isolated and identified from Tsaoko Fructus, most of which belong to terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and organic acids. Essential oil, crude extract, and some compounds were observed to have pharmacological activities such as anti-biotics, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, mostly via in vitro experiments. However, the mechanism of its medicinal uses remains unclear. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of Tsaoko Fructus, which will be beneficial to exploring the mechanism and potential medicinal applications of Tsaoko Fructus, as well as developing a rational quality control system for Tsaoko Fructus as a medicinal material in the future.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11101-021-09793-x.
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Project description:BackgroundPolygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PM), a kind of perennial plant, belongs to the genus Polygonum of the family polygonaceae.The dry root of PM (also called Heshouwu), is a traditional Chinese medicine, which has a series of functions and is widely used in clinic for hair lossing, aging, and insomnia. While, PM also has some toxicity, its clinical drug safety has been concerned. In this paper, the chemical components, toxic mechanisms and detoxification strategies of PM were reviewed in order to provide evidence for its clinical application.Materials and methodsWe conducted a systematic review of published literature of PM, including English and Chinese databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang.ResultsPM contains a variety of chemical compounds, including stilbenes, quinones, flavonoids, phospholipids, and has many pharmacological activities such as anti-aging, wound healing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The PE has certain therapeutic effect, and it has certain toxicity like hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and embryotoxicity at the same time, but.these toxic effects could be effectively reduced by processing and compatibility.ConclusionIt is necessary to further explore the pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms of the main active compounds of PE.This article provides scientific basis for the safe clinical application of PM.
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Project description:Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Excell, also known as Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes, is distributed particularly in savannah regions of tropical Africa. It is used to treat malaria, tuberculosis, rheumatism and diarrhea, amongst other afflictions. The objective of this comprehensive review is to summarize studies on phytochemistry, molecular docking, pharmacology, toxicology, ethnopharmacology, botany, and clinical trials of M. senegalensis. Data on M. senegalensis were collected using different databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, SciFinder, Wiley Online, etc. This review showed that 118 biomolecules from different parts of M. senegalensis were identified. A total of 46 compounds were tested for antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activities, and some in vivo studies were carried out on mice. Isomintlactone (31), pristimerin (24), and jacareubin (32) were analyzed for molecular docking. The crude extracts and fractions had pharmacological activities, including antiparasitic, antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiproliferative, and antidiabetic, while showing low toxicity in mice. Clinical trial studies on the safety and tolerability of M. senegalensis ethanol root bark extracts in male volunteers showed its potential immunomodulatory effects. Another trial specifically evaluated the electrocardiographic effects of M. senegalensis in adult volunteers and showed its advantageous cardiac profile by improving the overall safety profile.
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Project description:BackgroundStachys L. (Lamiaceae) includes more than 300 annual or perennial species growing in temperate regions of Southern Africa, the Mediterranean, America, and Asia. Stachys pilifera Benth (S. pilifera), also known as Marzeh Kuhi, is an endemic species from Iran. It is found in the mountainous habitats of the Zagros area. It has various traditional uses, and the phytochemical ingredients and some biological activities of this species have been examined in previous studies.MethodsPubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Web databases were used to gather the data. The purpose of this review is to consolidate the scattered knowledge reported in the literature about botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and safety of S. pilifera and suggest its potential medicinal properties. Key Findings. In traditional Iranian medicine, S. pilifera manages various illnesses, such as rheumatoid arthritis, common cold, infections, asthma, and tussive. More than 30 compounds have been identified in S. pilifera essential oil. The compounds found in S. pilifera are phenolic compounds, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which have various properties such as antioxidant, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and anticancer properties.ConclusionsThe literature reveals that S. pilifera is an essential source of bioactive phytochemicals and illustrates the unknown area of this plant for new investigations. Moreover, we recommend that future research focus on toxicology and quality control studies for S. pilifera to fill the knowledge gap and provide theoretical support for the plant's possible functional and clinical uses.
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Project description:Cyperus rotundus L. has been widely used in the treatment and prevention of numerous diseases in traditional systems of medicine around the world, such as nervous, gastrointestinal systems diseases and inflammation. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), its rhizomes are frequently used to treat liver disease, stomach pain, breast tenderness, dysmenorrheal and menstrual irregularities. The review is conducted to summarize comprehensively the plant’s vernacular names, distribution, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and analytical methods, along with the data mining for TCM prescriptions containing C. rotundus. Herein, 552 compounds isolated or identified from C. rotundus were systematically collated and classified, concerning monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics and phenolic glycosides, triterpenoids and steroids, diterpenoids, quinonoids, alkaloids, saccharides and others. Their pharmacological effects on the digestive system, nervous system, gynecological diseases, and other bioactivities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, insect repellent, anti-microbial activity, etc. were summarized accordingly. Moreover, except for the data mining on the compatibility of C. rotundus in TCM, the separation, identification and analytical methods of C. rotundus compositions were also systematically summarized, and constituents of the essential oils from different regions were re-analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis. In addition, the toxicological study progresses on C. rotundus revealed the safety property of this herb. This review is designed to serve as a scientific basis and theoretical reference for further exploration into the clinical use and scientific research of C. rotundus. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary materials available at 10.1007/s11101-023-09870-3.
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Project description:Rhizoma phragmitis is a common Chinese herbal medicine whose effects are defined as 'clearing heat and fire, promoting fluid production to quench thirst, eliminating irritability, stopping vomiting, and disinhibiting urine'. During the Novel Coronavirus epidemic in 2020, the Weijing Decoction and Wuye Lugen Decoction, with Rhizoma phragmitis as the main herbal component, were included in The Pneumonia Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Infection (Trial Version 5) due to remarkable antiviral effects. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Rhizoma phragmitis has antiviral, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hypoglycemic functions, lowers blood lipids and protects the liver and kidney. This review aims to provide a systematic summary of the botany, traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Rhizoma phragmitis.
| S-EPMC8940586 | biostudies-literature