Evolution of Quality Parameters and Bioactivity of Actinidia chinensis cv. Sungold (Kiwifruit) Slices Subjected to Different Drying Conditions Storage for 4 Months
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Vincenzo S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC11241542 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Jul
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is an economically and nutritionally important fruit crop with remarkably high vitamin C content. Here we report the draft genome sequence of a heterozygous kiwifruit, assembled from ~140-fold next-generation sequencing data. The assembled genome has a total length of 616.1 Mb and contains 39,040 genes. Comparative genomic analysis reveals that the kiwifruit has undergone an ancient hexaploidization event (?) shared by core eudicots and two more recent whole-genome duplication events. Both recent duplication events occurred after the divergence of kiwifruit from tomato and potato and have contributed to the neofunctionalization of genes involved in regulating important kiwifruit characteristics, such as fruit vitamin C, flavonoid and carotenoid metabolism. As the first sequenced species in the Ericales, the kiwifruit genome sequence provides a valuable resource not only for biological discovery and crop improvement but also for evolutionary and comparative genomics analysis, particularly in the asterid lineage.
| S-EPMC4089393 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) is a perennial horticultural crop species of the Actinidiaceae family with high nutritional and economic value. Two versions of the A. chinensis genomes have been previously assembled, based mainly on relatively short reads. Here, we report an improved chromosome-level reference genome of A. chinensis (v3.0), based mainly on PacBio long reads and Hi-C data. The high-quality assembled genome is 653 Mb long, with 0.76% heterozygosity. At least 43% of the genome consists of repetitive sequences, and the most abundant long terminal repeats were further identified and account for 23.38% of our novel genome. It has clear improvements in contiguity, accuracy, and gene annotation over the two previous versions and contains 40,464 annotated protein-coding genes, of which 94.41% are functionally annotated. Moreover, further analyses of genetic collinearity revealed that the kiwifruit genome has undergone two whole-genome duplications: one affecting all Ericales families near the K-T extinction event and a recent genus-specific duplication. The reference genome presented here will be highly useful for further molecular elucidation of diverse traits and for the breeding of this horticultural crop, as well as evolutionary studies with related taxa.
| S-EPMC6804796 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundWith the advent of high throughput genomic tools, it is now possible to undertake detailed molecular studies of individual species outside traditional model organisms. Combined with a good understanding of physiological processes, these tools allow researchers to explore natural diversity, giving a better understanding of biological mechanisms. Here a detailed study of fruit development from anthesis through to fruit senescence is presented for a non-model organism, kiwifruit, Actinidia chinensis ('Hort16A').ResultsConsistent with previous studies, it was found that many aspects of fruit morphology, growth and development are similar to those of the model fruit tomato, except for a striking difference in fruit ripening progression. The early stages of fruit ripening occur as the fruit is still growing, and many ripening events are not associated with autocatalytic ethylene production (historically associated with respiratory climacteric). Autocatalytic ethylene is produced late in the ripening process as the fruit begins to senesce.ConclusionBy aligning A. chinensis fruit development to a phenological scale, this study provides a reference framework for subsequent physiological and genomic studies, and will allow cross comparison across fruit species, leading to a greater understanding of the diversity of fruits found across the plant kingdom.
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Project description:Understanding genetic diversity and structure in natural populations and their suitable habitat response to environmental changes is critical for the protection and utilization of germplasm resources. We evaluated the genetic diversity and structure of 24 A. chinensis populations using simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers. The potential suitable distribution of tetraploid A. chinensis estimated under the current climate and predicted for the future climate was generated with ecological niche modeling (ENM). The results indicated that the polyploid populations of A.chinensis have high levels of genetic diversity and that there are distinct eastern and western genetic clusters. The population structure of A. chinensis can be explained by an isolation-by-distance model. The results also revealed that potentially suitable areas of tetraploids will likely be gradually lost and the habitat will likely be increasingly fragmented in the future. This study provides an extensive overview of tetraploid A. chinensis across its distribution range, contributing to a better understanding of its germplasm resources. These results can also provide the scientific basis for the protection and sustainable utilization of kiwifruit wild resources.
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Project description:Kiwifruit is very popular among consumers due to its high nutritional value. The increasing expansion in kiwifruit cultivation has led to the spread of rot diseases. To identify the pathogens causing kiwifruit ripe rots in China, 24 isolates were isolated from the diseased fruit and wart in trees. Botryosphaeria dothidea was recognized as the pathogen causing kiwifruit ripe rot and wart in the tree through internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, pathogenicity testing, morphological and microscopic characteristics. The rapid and accurate detection of this pathogen will lead to better disease monitoring and control efforts. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was then developed to rapidly and specifically identify B. dothidea. These results offer value to further research into kiwifruit ripe rot, such as disease prediction, pathogen rapid detection, and effective disease control.
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Project description:Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are universal signal transduction modules that play crucial roles in various biotic and abiotic stresses, hormones, cell division, and developmental processes in plants. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK/MPK), being a part of this cascade, performs an important function for further appropriate cellular responses. Although MAPKs have been investigated in several model plants, no systematic analysis has been conducted in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). In the present study, we identified 18 putative MAPKs in the kiwifruit genome. This gene family was analyzed bioinformatically in terms of their chromosome locations, sequence alignment, gene structures, and phylogenetic and conserved motifs. All members possess fully canonical motif structures of MAPK. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that AcMAPKs could be classified into five subfamilies, and these gene motifs in the same group showed high similarity. Gene structure analysis demonstrated that the number of exons in AcMAPK genes ranged from 2 to 29, suggesting large variation among kiwifruit MAPK genes. The expression profiles of these AcMAPK genes were further investigated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), which demonstrated that AcMAPKs were induced or repressed by various biotic and abiotic stresses and hormone treatments, suggesting their potential roles in the biotic and abiotic stress response and various hormone signal transduction pathways in kiwifruit. The results of this study provide valuable insight into the putative physiological and biochemical functions of MAPK genes in kiwifruit.
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Project description:Plastid transformation offers valuable benefits in plant biotechnology, such as high-level transgene expression and the absence of gene silencing. Here we describe the first protocol of a plastid transformation system for a woody vine (liana) kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). The transgenic DNA carries a spectinomycin-resistance gene (aadA) cassette and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene cassette, flanked by two adjacent kiwifruit plastid genome sequences, thereby allowing targeted insertion between the trnfM and trnG genes. Six spectinomycin-resistant shoots were obtained out of 12 plates subjected to bombardment, and two were positive events, confirmed through PCR and Southern blot analyses. The GFP was localized to plastids as monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy and reached 2.5% of leaf total soluble protein. Success in kiwifruit extends transplastomic technology of woody species beyond poplar, and will provide an attractive biosynthetic chassis for molecular farming.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-024-00186-0.
| S-EPMC11889296 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Many crop plants rely on insect pollination, particularly insect-pollinated crops which are functionally dioecious. These crops require insects to move pollen between separate plants which are functionally male or female. While honey bees are typically considered the most important crop pollinator species, many other insects are known to visit crops but the pollination contribution of the full diversity of these flower visitors is poorly understood. In this study, we examine the role of diverse insect pollinators for two kiwifruit cultivars as model systems for dioecious crops: Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa 'Hayward' (a green-fleshed variety) and A. chinensis var. chinensis 'Zesy002' (a gold-fleshed variety). In our round-the-clock insect surveys, we identified that psychodid flies and mosquitoes were the second and third most frequent floral visitors after honey bees (Apis mellifera L), but further work is required to investigate their pollination efficiency. Measures of single-visit pollen deposition identified that several insects, including the bees Leioproctus spp. and Bombus spp. and the flies Helophilus hochstetteri and Eristalis tenax, deposited a similar amount of pollen on flowers as honey bees (Apis mellifera). Due to their long foraging period and high pollen deposition, we recommend the development of strategies to boost populations of Bombus spp., Eristalis tenax and other hover flies, and unmanaged bees for use as synergistic pollinators alongside honey bees.
| S-EPMC9188772 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The most commercialized kiwifruit, Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa (Acd), is an allohexaploid (2n = 6x = 174), making high-quality assemblage genome challenging. We previously discovered a rare naturally occurring diploid Acd plant. Here, chromosome-level de novo genome assembly for this diploid Acd was reported, reaching approximately 621.98 Mb in length with contig and scaffold N50 values of 10.08 and 21.09 Mb, respectively, 99.66% of the bases anchored to 29 pseudochromosomes, and 38,990 protein-coding genes and 42.29% repetitive elements annotated. The divergence time of A. chinensis cv. 'Red5' and 'Hongyang' (11.1-27.7 mya) was more recent compared with the divergence time of them and Acd (19.9-41.2 mya), with the divergence time of A. eriantha cv. 'White' being the earliest (22.9-45.7 mya) among that of the four Actinidia species. The 4DTv distance distribution highlighted three recent whole-genome duplication events in Acd. This is the first high-quality diploid Acd genome, which lays an important foundation for not only kiwifruit functional genomics studies but also further elucidating genome evolution of allohexaploid Acd.
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Project description:DNA methylation plays an important role in a wide range of developmental and physiological processes in plants. It is primarily catalyzed and regulated by cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferases (C5-MTases) and a group of DNA glycosylases that act as demethylases. To date, no genome-scale analysis of the two kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) families has been undertaken. In our study, nine C5-MTases and seven DNA demethylase genes were identified in the kiwifruit genome. Through selective evolution analysis, we found that there were gene duplications in C5-MTases and demethylases, which may have arisen during three genome doubling events followed by selection during evolution of kiwifruit. Expression analysis of DNA methylases (C5-MTases) and demethylases identified changes in transcripts of DNA methylation and demethylation genes during both vegetative and reproductive development. Moreover, we found that some members of the two methylase/demethylase families may also be involved in fruit ripening and the regulation of softening. Our results help to better understand the complex roles of methylation/demethylation in plants and provide a foundation for analyzing the role of DNA methylation modification in kiwifruit growth, development and ripening.
| S-EPMC7509440 | biostudies-literature