Mammographic density in relationships with relevant contributing factors: a multicentric study from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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SUBMITTER: AlSaleh N
PROVIDER: S-EPMC11247587 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundHypertension is a chronic condition that represents a global burden across the world. The burden of hypertension is found to be particularly high in Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia. This study was undertaken to measure the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors. An assessment of the impact of hypertension is required to alleviate/reduce the comorbidities and complications associated with hypertension in Saudi Arabia.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 14,239 individuals in Saudi Arabia. A valid and reliable questionnaire was administered after randomly selecting study participants from 48 primary healthcare centers. Univariate analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between independent variables and hypertension. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Multivariate logistic regression was used to establish the major associated factors of hypertension among Saudi citizens. A 95% confidence interval (CI) was presented for each of the adjusted odds ratios (AORs).ResultsIt was found that 11.1% of research participants reported having hypertension. Compared to younger participants of < 50 years, those who are 50 to 75 years old are two times more likely to be hypertensive (AOR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.68, 2.50). Compared to employed Saudi residents, unemployed residents were 1.43 times more likely to be hypertensive (AOR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.65). The odds of hypertension were higher by 1.73 times among obese than non-obese individuals (95% CI: 1.33, 2.25). Individuals with heart disease were 3.72 times more likely to suffer from hypertension than individuals without heart disease (95% CI: 2.84, 4.88). Similarly, those with high cholesterol levels were 8.37 times more likely to have hypertension than those with low cholesterol levels (95% CI: 6.94, 10.09). Diabetic individuals were 10.45 times more likely to develop hypertension than non-diabetic individuals (95% CI: 8,87, 12.30).ConclusionThe prevalence of hypertension found in the current study was 11.1%. Older age, unemployment, insurance coverage, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and high blood cholesterol were associated with high blood pressure in this study. The findings of this study suggest that researchers and policymakers should target modifiable risk factors to reduce the burden of hypertension among Saudi residents.
| S-EPMC11887066 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPatient safety, concerned with the prevention of harm to patients, has become a fundamental component of the global healthcare system. The evidence regarding the status of the patient safety culture in Arab countries in general shows that it is at a suboptimal level due to a punitive approach to errors and deficits in the openness of communications.ObjectivesTo identify factors contributing to the patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia.DesignSystematic review.MethodsA systematic search was carried out in May 2018 in five electronic databases and updated in July 2020-MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Relevant journals and reference lists of included studies were also hand-searched. Two independent reviewers verified that the studies met the inclusion criteria, assessed the quality of studies and extracted their relevant characteristics. The Yorkshire Contributory Factors Framework (YCFF) was used to categorise factors affecting safety culture in the included papers.Results14 papers were included and the majority of studies were appraised as being of good quality. Strength and weakness factors that contribute to patient safety culture were identified. Ineffective leadership, a blame culture, workload/inadequate staffing and poor communication are reported as the main factors hindering a positive patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia. Conversely, 'strength' factors contributing to a positive patient safety culture included supportive organisational attitudes to learning/continuous improvement, good teamwork within units and support from hospital management for patient safety. There is an absence of patient perspectives regarding patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia.ConclusionPolicymakers in the Saudi healthcare system should pay attention to the factors that may contribute to a positive patient safety culture, especially establishing a blame-free culture, improving communications and leadership capacity, learning from errors and involving patient perspectives in safety initiatives. Further research is required to understand in depth the barriers and facilitators to the implementation of a positive patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia.
| S-EPMC7559108 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVES:Approximately 28% to 35% of people aged 65 and over fall each year. The consequent injuries of falls are considered a major public health problem. Falls account for more than half of injury-related hospitalisations among old people. The aim of this study was to measure a 1-year period prevalence of falling among old people in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In addition, this study described the most common risk factors and consequent injuries of falls. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Riyadh, using a convenient sampling. The targeted population were Saudi citizens who were 60 years or above. Over a 6-month period, 1182 individuals were sampled (545 men and 637 women). RESULTS:The 1-year prevalence of falling among old Saudis (>=60 years) was 49.9%. Our results show that 74% of the participants who experienced falls had postfall injuries. Old participants who were uneducated and those with middle school certification were associated with falls (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.72; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.56, aOR 1.81; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.85, respectively). Those who live in rented houses had a higher risk of falls. Interestingly, having a caregiver was significantly associated with more falls (aOR 1.39; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.79). However, not using any medications was significantly related to fewer falls. In addition, old individuals using walking aids were more likely to fall than those who did not. Participants who mentioned 'not having stressors were associated with less frequent falls (aOR 0.62; 95% CI 0.39 to 0.97). Cerebrovascular accidents were strongly associated with falls with an estimated OR of 2.75 (95% CI 1.18 to 6.43). Moreover, osteoporosis, poor vision and back pain were found to be predictors for falls among the elderly. CONCLUSION:49.9% of elderly Saudis had experienced one or more falls during a 12-month period. Several preventable risk factors could be addressed by routine geriatric assessment. Research on the impact of these risk factors is needed.
| S-EPMC5781015 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundChildren diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have social and cognitive disabilities. For parents, these behaviors can lead to humiliation, social exclusion, and isolation. Stigma is a problem that not only may affect the individual with high functioning autism, but has the potential to extend to their family as well. Indeed, research indicates that the parents of children with disabilities (including ASD) commonly experience stigmatizing reactions from others.Aim of workTo determine the prevalence of self and enacted stigma among parents of ASD children from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and recognize possible risk factors and causes of stigmatization.Material and methodsAn observational cross-sectional study involving the parents of ASD children from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. About 163 participants were included from the Centre for Autism Research (CFAR) at King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre (KFSH & RC) in Riyadh. The primary material used for data collection was a five-point scale questionnaire developed by the investigator. The questionnaire consisted closed ended questions related to the participants' demographic data, autistic child, family life, resources, and social experiences as a parent. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and appropriate statistical analysis, using Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS), version 22. The level of significance was P value < .05.ResultsThe findings of this work indicated that 55 (33.7%) of the parents scored more than 3 in answering questions related to felt stigma; 82 (50.3%) were fathers. On the other hand, 108 (66.3%) did not feel stigmatized being a parent of autistic child. Forty-two (25.8%) of the parents scored more than 3 in answering questions related to enacted stigma, whereas 121 (74.2%) did not face enacted stigmatization being a parent of autistic child. There was a strong tendency for mothers (41, 75%) to feel more self- and enacted stigmatized than fathers (P < .05). Moreover, the gender of the autistic child, consanguinity, severity of the ASD, and the monthly income of the family showed no significant difference in the parents who scored more than 3 for felt- or enacted stigmatization (P > .05).ConclusionAmong participated parents of children with ASD in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 33.7% of them experienced stigmatization, and mothers felt more self- and enacted stigmatized when compared to fathers. Public awareness among people in Saudi Arabia have been increased and, thus, negative stigmatization has decreased among parents in the country. A high level of felt stigma suggests the need for psychological intervention for the family to help cope with this new situation. A higher level of enacted stigma suggests the need for their rights (individuals with ASD) and increased awareness in the society. It is recommended that further research is needed in different centers in Riyadh and other regions of Saudi Arabia to investigate the prevalence of stigma in parents of autistic children.
| S-EPMC7568054 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We conducted a cross-sectional study to detect trypanosome infections of horses and donkeys in the Riyadh Province of Saudi Arabia. DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from 368 horses and 142 donkeys, and subjected to universal first ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1)-PCR followed by Trypanosoma evansi species-specific RoTat1.2-PCR. The universal ITS1-PCR revealed T. evansi infection in horses ( n = 12; 3.3%) and donkeys ( n = 4; 2.8%). There was no significant effect of sex or age on the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in horses or donkeys. Application of the RoTat1.2-PCR revealed that the RoTat1.2 VSG gene was absent from the positive ITS1-PCR samples of 3 horses and 1 donkey. This discrepancy could be explained by the circulation of T. evansi type B in Saudi Arabia; however, this suspicion requires confirmation.
| S-EPMC6505846 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To investigate a cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) cases in a women-only dormitory in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in October 2015, we collected epidemiologic information, nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab samples, and blood samples from 828 residents during November 2015 and December 2015-January 2016. We found confirmed infection for 19 (8 by reverse transcription PCR and 11 by serologic testing). Infection attack rates varied (2.7%-32.3%) by dormitory building. No deaths occurred. Independent risk factors for infection were direct contact with a confirmed case-patient and sharing a room with a confirmed case-patient; a protective factor was having an air conditioner in the bedroom. For 9 women from whom a second serum sample was collected, antibodies remained detectable at titers >1:20 by pseudoparticle neutralization tests (n = 8) and 90% plaque-reduction neutralization tests (n = 2). In closed high-contact settings, MERS coronavirus was highly infectious and pathogenicity was relatively low.
| S-EPMC6759265 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHuman skin is an appropriate environment for the growth of different types of microbes that may inhabit the skin as commensal flora. This study aims at identifying the diversity of skin microbiota in healthy Saudi population. In this study, 80 Saudi subjects of both males and females, from different habitat, and different ages (elderly and young), were recruited to determine the aerobic bacterial flora from their three skin sites; hand, scalp and foot. A single colony obtained from aerobic culture was identified using Biomérieux VITEK® 2 system. For those not being identified by VITEK® 2 system, the identification was conducted using 16 s rRNA sequence.ResultsThirty-three bacterial species were isolated from males, whilst 24 species were isolated from females. Micrococci are the predominant organisms, followed by Staphylococci, Pantoea species, and lastly Enterococcus faecium. Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were only found in elder subjects, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the young only. The number of bacterial isolates in the elders was higher that of the young. The average number of flora was larger in foot, then hand and lastly scalp.ConclusionHere we show the difference in the number of cultivable bacteria across age and gender that may result in the variety of local skin infection. This study paves the way to further investigation in the aspect of in-depth metagenomics analysis and host-pathogen interaction.
| S-EPMC6697913 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Limited data exist from the Gulf Cooperation Council states on the prevalence and population dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus colonizing livestock or contaminating retail meat. This study was designed to determine the presence and genetic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw retail meat sold in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Over a period of 9 months, different raw retail meat types were aseptically processed using the double broth enrichment technique, characteristic colonies from chromogenic and mannitol salt agar were further identified using conventional methods. Susceptibility to 9 antibiotics was determined using the disc diffusion technique. Interpretation of inhibition zone was done according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Molecular characterization was carried out using the StaphyType DNA microarray technology. Twenty-five meat samples yielded Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Camel meat had the highest contamination rate with Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (20%) and Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (28%), while poultry meat had the least contamination rate with MRSA (4%). The MRSA isolates were grouped into 4 clonal complexes (CCs) namely CC1-MRSA-IV/SCCfus (n = 2), CC15-MRSA-V/SCCfus (n = 4), CC80-MRSA-IV/PVL+ (n = 5), and CC88-MRSA-IV/PVL+ (n = 2). All CC15-MRSA-V/SCCfus isolates were obtained from camel meat. This is the first study to demonstrate the novel CC15-MRSA-V/SCCfus in retail camel meat. We recommend that surveillance studies should be incorporated in public health and food hygiene programs.
| S-EPMC4899468 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Camel production in Saudi Arabia is severely affected by various diseases and by inadequate veterinary services. Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) affect the health and wellbeing of camels consequently diminishing their productivity and performances. In addition, camels may act as hosts for TBPs (e.g. Anaplasma phagocytophilum) causing diseases in humans. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of ixodid ticks and molecularly investigate the associated pathogens in camels from Saudi Arabia. METHODS:Blood and tick samples were collected from camels (n?=?170) in Riyad Province of Saudi Arabia. Ticks were morphologically identified, and blood of camels were molecularly screened for apicomplexan (i.e. Babesia spp., Theileria spp., Hepatozoon spp.) and rickettsial parasites (i.e. Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp.). RESULTS:Of the 170 camels examined, 116 (68.2%; 95% CI: 60.9-75.1%) were infested by ticks with a mean intensity of 2.53 (95% CI: 2.4-2.6). In total of 296 ticks collected, Hyalomma dromedarii was the most prevalent (76.4%), followed by Hyalomma impeltatum (23.3%) and Hyalomma excavatum (0.3%). Of the tested animals, 13 (7.6%; 95% CI: 4.3-12.8%) scored positive to at least one TBP, with Anaplasma platys (5.3%; 95% CI: 2.7-9.9%) being the most prevalent species, followed by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma sp., Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis (0.6% each; 95% CI: 0.04-3.4%). None of the camels were found to be co-infected with more than one pathogen. All samples tested negative for Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. CONCLUSIONS:The present study reveals the occurrence of different tick species and TBPs in camels from Saudi Arabia. Importantly, these camels may carry A. phagocytophilum and A. platys, representing a potential risk to humans.
| S-EPMC7048137 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVE:Postpartum depression (PPD) is inversely correlated with women's functioning, marital and personal relationships, mother-infant interaction quality, and children's social, behavioural, and cognitive development. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) in Riyadh and correlate them with possible predictors by a cross-sectional approach. METHODS:In this study, 174 mothers receiving treatments in different hospitals of Riyadh completed self-administered measures of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) along with a list of probable predictors. The data was analyzed by logistic regression analysis using SPSS-IBM 25. RESULTS:Of 174 participants of the study, 38.50% (n = 67) reported postpartum depression. Around (115) of the participants were in an age group of 25-45 years with most of them highly educated (101) but unemployed (136). Significant association was noted between occurrence of PPD with unsupportive spouse (P value = 0.023) and recent stressful life events (P value = 0.003). The significant predictors for PPD were unsupportive spouse (OR = 4.53, P = 0.049), recent stressful life events (OR = 2.677, P = 0.005), and Caesarean section as a mode of delivery (OR = 1.958, P = 0.049). CONCLUSION:The prevalence of PPD among the study participants was high, especially those with recent stressful life event and unsupportive spouse. To promote health and wellbeing of mothers, it was recommended to screen all high-risk mothers for PPD, when they visit hospitals for postnatal follow ups. Prevention of PPD is not only essential for wellbeing of mothers but it is important to provide good conducive atmosphere for the new born.
| S-EPMC7010279 | biostudies-literature