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Crystal layer growth with embedded carbon-based particles from effervescent tablet-based nanofluids.

ABSTRACT: Crystallization occurs as dissolved substances gradually solidify into crystal layers within a liquid, which can increase the capability of fluids to transfer heat. In this study, the growth of crystal layer in nanofluids produced from carbon-based effervescent tablets was examined. The tablets were fabricated by combining multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH₂PO₄), and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃). The effervescent tablets were formulated with MWCNTs, NaH₂PO₄, and Na₂CO₃ at a weight ratio of 1:5.1:2.26, respectively. These tablets were then immersed in distilled water (DW) and seawater (SW) to produce 0.05 vol.% to 0.15 vol.% MWCNT suspensions. Then, the dispersion stability, thermal conductivity, and crystal layer growth of the nanofluids were characterized. The results showed that the DW-based nanofluids were more stable than their SW-based counterparts. Additionally, the 0.05 vol.% DW-based suspension exhibited greater long-term stability than those of the 0.15 vol.% suspensions, whereas the SW-based nanofluid exhibited the opposite behaviour. The greatest increases in thermal conductivity were 3.29% and 3.13% for 0.15 vol.% MWCNTs in DW and SW, respectively. The crystallization process occurred in nanofluids that contained more than 0.05 vol.% MWCNTs and exhibited a greater growth rate in SW-based suspensions with high effervescent agent concentrations.

SUBMITTER: Ali N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11315990 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Crystal layer growth with embedded carbon-based particles from effervescent tablet-based nanofluids.

Ali Naser N

Scientific reports 20240809 1

Crystallization occurs as dissolved substances gradually solidify into crystal layers within a liquid, which can increase the capability of fluids to transfer heat. In this study, the growth of crystal layer in nanofluids produced from carbon-based effervescent tablets was examined. The tablets were fabricated by combining multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH2PO4), and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3< ...[more]

PMID: 39122858

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Project description:ObjectiveDietary sodium intake represents a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. The study sought to analyse the sodium content of effervescent dietary supplements and drugs in Germany and the USA.DesignComparative cross-sectional study.Setting and methodsThe sodium content of 39 dietary supplement effervescent tablets available in Germany was measured in May and June 2022 using optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled argon plasma. The sodium content of 33 common pharmacy-only effervescent tablets (over-the-counter (OTC) drugs) in Germany was obtained from the summary of product characteristics. We compared the sodium content of the measured German dietary supplement effervescent tablets to that of 51 dietary supplement effervescent tablets available in the USA (data: National Institutes of Health's Dietary Supplement Label Database).ResultsThe measured sodium content in the German dietary supplements was 283.9±122.6 mg sodium/tablet, equivalent to 14±6% of the maximum recommended daily sodium intake (MRDSI). Vitamin products had the highest (378.3±112.8 mg, 19±6% of MRDSI), and calcium products had the lowest mean sodium content (170.4±113.2 mg, 9±6% of MRDSI). Vitamin products contained significantly more sodium than magnesium (378.3 mg vs 232.7 mg; p=0.004), calcium (378.3 mg vs 170.4 mg; p=0.006) and mineral products (378.3 mg vs 191.6 mg; p=0.048). The sodium content measured in products available in Germany was higher when compared with the declared sodium content on the label of the products sold in the USA (283.9 mg vs 190.0 mg; p<0.001). The median summary of product characteristics-declared sodium content of a single dose of the German OTC drugs was 157.0 mg (IQR: 98.9-417.3 mg); pain/common cold drugs contained the most sodium (median: 452.1 mg; IQR: 351.3-474.0 mg).ConclusionEffervescent tablets of nutritional supplements and OTC drugs contain high amounts of sodium, which often is not disclosed.

Dataset Information

Crystal layer growth with embedded carbon-based particles from effervescent tablet-based nanofluids.

Publications

Crystal layer growth with embedded carbon-based particles from effervescent tablet-based nanofluids.

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