Impact of heat and high-moisture pH treatments on starch digestibility, phenolic composition, and cell bioactivity in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) flour
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Peterson J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC11338920 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The nutritional and physicochemical properties of sorghum proteins and starch make the use of this cereal for food production challenging. Sprouting is a cost-effective technology to improve the nutritional and functional profile of grains. Two drying treatments were used after sorghum sprouting to investigate whether the drying phase could improve the protein and starch functionalities. Results showed that the drying treatment at lower temperature/longer time (40 °C for 12 h) extended the enzymatic activity that started during sprouting compared to the one performed at higher temperature/shorter time (50 °C for 6 h). An increased protein hydrolysis and water- and oil-holding capacity were found in the flour obtained by the former treatment. Higher protein matrix hydrolysis caused high exposure of starch to enzymes, thus increasing its digestibility, while worsening the technological functionality. Overall, modulating drying conditions could represent a further way, in addition to sprouting, to improve sorghum flour's nutritional profile.
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Project description:Sorghum is one of the most promising bioenergy crops. Stem juice yield, together with stem sugar concentration, determines sugar yield in sweet sorghum. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) is a gene mapping technique for identifying genomic regions containing genetic loci affecting a trait of interest that when combined with deep sequencing could effectively accelerate the gene mapping process. In this study, a dry stem sorghum landrace was characterized and the stem water controlling locus, qSW6, was fine mapped using QTL analysis and the combined BSA and deep sequencing technologies. Results showed that: (i) In sorghum variety Jiliang 2, stem water content was around 80% before flowering stage. It dropped to 75% during grain filling with little difference between different internodes. In landrace G21, stem water content keeps dropping after the flag leaf stage. The drop from 71% at flowering time progressed to 60% at grain filling time. Large differences exist between different internodes with the lowest (51%) at the 7th and 8th internodes at dough stage. (ii) A quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling stem water content mapped on chromosome 6 between SSR markers Ch6-2 and gpsb069 explained about 34.7-56.9% of the phenotypic variation for the 5th to 10th internodes, respectively. (iii) BSA and deep sequencing analysis narrowed the associated region to 339 kb containing 38 putative genes. The results could help reveal molecular mechanisms underlying juice yield of sorghum and thus to improve total sugar yield.
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Project description:Polyphenols and other potential health-promoting components of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) drove its recent growth in the U.S. consumer food industry. Linear sweep (cyclic voltammetry, CV) and differential (cyclic differential pulse) voltammetry methods were developed to detect target polyphenols and amino acids in sweet sorghum juice without interference from the dominant secondary (trans-aconitic acid) and primary (sucrose) metabolites. Of 24 cultivars investigated, No.5 Gambela showed the highest electron-donating capacity, as indicated by the highest peak area, height, and peak anodic potential. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated the contribution of polyphenols (rather than amino acids) on CV voltammograms of juice samples. The Eh-pH values of 173 sweet sorghum juice samples collected in 2017 aligned with quercetin model polyphenol. Accumulation of quercetin-like polyphenols in No.5 Gambela could offer antioxidant-rich juice for conversion to edible syrup as well as an increased tolerance against a recently emerged pest, sugarcane aphid [(Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner)].
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Project description:In the last decades, deficiency of macro- and micronutrients was considered as a serious problem associated with the increase in the human population. To meet the increased demand for food consumption, the wild relative plant might serve as an important source of new genetic material for increasing macro- and micronutrients. To investigate this, the variations in protein content, in vitro protein digestibility, tannin content, phytic acid content, total polyphenol content, and total and bioavailability of minerals were studied in grains of ten wild sorghums and two released sorghum cultivars. The results showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in all quality tests among the genotypes. The highest percentage of total protein contents and in vitro protein digestibility were encountered in the grains of PQ-434 (14.6%) and the released cultivar AG8 (49.8%), respectively, while the highest concentrations of total and bioavailable iron were found in the grains of Almahkara (3.17 mg/100 g) and Abusabiba (92.8 mg/100 g), respectively. The grains of wild sorghum genotype Adar Umbatikh grains were found to possess higher total zinc contents. The PCA identified only five components of eigenvalues greater than one and cumulatively accounted for 88% of the total variation. It could be concluded that Almahkara and PQ-434 could be used as potential sources for iron and protein sorghum biofortification, respectively. Results from this study might be used in the development of new value-added products from wild sorghum grains by-products.
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Project description:BackgroundForage sorghum is a highly valued crop in livestock feed production due to its versatility, adaptability, high productivity, and resilience under adverse environmental conditions, making it a crucial option for sustainable forage production. This study aimed to investigate ninety-five forage sorghum genotypes and identify the marker - trait associations (MTAs) in adaptive traits, including yield and flowering through genome-wide association studies (GWAS).ResultsUsing 41,854 polymorphic SNPs, a GWAS involving the GLM, MLM, and FarmCPU models was performed to analyse fourteen adaptive traits. The population structure revealed the presence of two subpopulation groups. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plots showed varying degrees of LD decay across the chromosomes, with an average LD decay of 19.49 kbp. Twelve common significant QTNs, encoding 17 putative candidate genes, were simultaneously co-detected and studied by at least two or more GWAS methods. Three QTNs were associated to days to 50% flowering; two each to leaf-to-stem ratio and number of nodes per plant; and one each to plant height, leaf width, number of leaves per plant, stem girth, and internodal length. Six candidate genes were associated with days to 50% flowering, two each with leaf width, stem girth, leaf-to-stem ratio, and number of nodes per plant, and one each with plant height, number of leaves per plant, and internodal length.ConclusionFarmCPU was identified as the most suitable and effective among all the models for controlling both false positives and false negatives. Further in-depth analysis of the newly discovered QTNs may lead to the identification of new candidate genes for the trait of interest. These studies elucidate gene functions and could transform forage sorghum breeding through marker-assisted selection and transgenic approaches, accelerating the development of superior forage sorghum varieties and enhancing global food security.
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Project description:Sorghum production is affected by a wide array of biotic constraints, of which sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata is the most important pest, which severely damages the sorghum crop during the seedling stage. Host plant resistance is one of the major components to control sorghum shoot fly, A. soccata. To understand the nature of gene action for inheritance of shoot fly resistance, we evaluated 10 parents, 45 F1's and their reciprocals in replicated trials during the rainy and postrainy seasons. The genotypes ICSV 700, Phule Anuradha, ICSV 25019, PS 35805, IS 2123, IS 2146, and IS 18551 exhibited resistance to shoot fly damage across seasons. Crosses between susceptible parents were preferred for egg laying by the shoot fly females, resulting in a susceptible reaction. ICSV 700, ICSV 25019, PS 35805, IS 2123, IS 2146, and IS 18551 exhibited significant and negative general combining ability (gca) effects for oviposition, deadheart incidence, and overall resistance score. The plant morphological traits associated with expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly damage such as leaf glossiness, plant vigor, and leafsheath pigmentation also showed significant gca effects by these genotypes, suggesting the potential for use as a selection criterion to breed for resistance to shoot fly, A. soccata. ICSV 700, Phule Anuradha, IS 2146 and IS 18551 with significant positive gca effects for trichome density can also be utilized in improving sorghums for shoot fly resistance. The parents involved in hybrids with negative specific combining ability (sca) effects for shoot fly resistance traits can be used in developing sorghum hybrids with adaptation to postrainy season. The significant reciprocal effects of combining abilities for oviposition, leaf glossy score and trichome density suggested the influence of cytoplasmic factors in inheritance of shoot fly resistance. Higher values of variance due to specific combining ability (σ(2)s), dominance variance (σ(2)d), and lower predictability ratios than the variance due to general combining ability (σ(2)g) and additive variance (σ(2)a) for shoot fly resistance traits indicated the predominance of dominance type of gene action, whereas trichome density, leaf glossy score, and plant vigor score with high σ(2)g, additive variance, predictability ratio, and the ratio of general combining ability to the specific combining ability showed predominance of additive type of gene action indicating importance of heterosis breeding followed by simple selection in breeding shoot fly-resistant sorghums. Most of the traits exhibited high broadsense heritability, indicating high inheritance of shoot fly resistance traits.
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Project description:The presence and morphology of plant brace roots are important root architecture traits. Brace roots contribute significantly to effective anchorage and water and nutrient uptake during late growth and development, and more importantly, have a substantial influence on grain yield under soil flooding or water limited conditions. However, little is known about the genetic mechanisms that underlie brace root traits. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for presence of brace roots from the sorghum landrace "Sansui" were mapped and associated molecular markers were identified. A linkage map was constructed with 109 assigned simple sequence repeat markers using a F2 mapping population derived from the cross Sansui/Jiliang 2. Two QTLs associated with presence of brace roots were localized on chromosomes 6 and 7. The major QTL on chromosome 7 between markers Dsenhsbm7 and Xcup 70 explained about 52.5% of the phenotypic variation, and the minor QTL on chromosome 6 was flanked by Xtxp127 and Xtxp6 and accounted for 7.0% of phenotypic variation. These results will provide information for the improvement of sorghum root architecture associated with brace roots.
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Project description:In warm-humid ago-ecologies of the world, sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production is severely affected by anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum Henn. New sources of anthracnose resistance should be identified to introgress novel genes into susceptible varieties in resistance breeding programs. The objective of this study was to determine genome-wide association of Diversity Arrays Technology Sequencing (DArTseq) based single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers and anthracnose resistance genes in diverse sorghum populations for resistance breeding. Three hundred sixty-six sorghum populations were assessed for anthracnose resistance in three seasons in western Ethiopia using artificial inoculation. Data on anthracnose severity and the relative area under the disease progress curve were computed. Furthermore, the test populations were genotyped using SNP markers with DArTseq protocol. Population structure analysis and genome-wide association mapping were undertaken based on 11,643 SNPs with <10% missing data. The evaluated population was grouped into eight distinct genetic clusters. A total of eight significant (P < 0.001) marker-trait associations (MTAs) were detected, explaining 4.86-15.9% of the phenotypic variation for anthracnose resistance. Out of which the four markers were above the cutoff point. The significant MTAs in the assessed sorghum population are useful for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in anthracnose resistance breeding programs and for gene and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping.
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Project description:Main conclusionThe characteristics of sorghum anthers at 18 classified developmental stages provide an important reference for future studies on sorghum reproductive biology and abiotic stress tolerance of sorghum pollen. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is the fifth-most important cereal crop in the world. It has relatively high resilience to drought and high temperature stresses during vegetative growing stages comparing to other major cereal crops. However, like other cereal crops, the sensitivity of male organ to heat and drought can severely depress sorghum yield due to reduced fertility and pollination efficiency if the stress occurs at the reproductive stage. Identification of the most vulnerable stages and the genes and genetic networks that differentially regulate the abiotic stress responses during anther development are two critical prerequisites for targeted molecular trait selection and for enhanced environmentally resilient sorghum in breeding using a variety of genetic modification strategies. However, in sorghum, anther developmental stages have not been determined. The distinctive cellular characteristics associated with anther development have not been well examined. Lack of such critical information is a major obstacle in the studies of anther and pollen development in sorghum. In this study, we examined the morphological changes of sorghum anthers at cellular level during entire male organ development processes using a modified high-throughput imaging variable pressure scanning electron microscopy and traditional light microscopy methods. We divided sorghum anther development into 18 distinctive stages and provided detailed description of the morphological changes in sorghum anthers for each stage. The findings of this study will serve as an important reference for future studies focusing on sorghum physiology, reproductive biology, genetics, and genomics.
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Project description:WRKY transcription factors regulate diverse biological processes in plants, including abiotic and biotic stress responses, and constitute one of the largest transcription factor families in higher plants. Although the past decade has seen significant progress towards identifying and functionally characterizing WRKY genes in diverse species, little is known about the WRKY family in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) moench). Here we report the comprehensive identification of 94 putative WRKY transcription factors (SbWRKYs). The SbWRKYs were divided into three groups (I, II, and III), with those in group II further classified into five subgroups (IIa-IIe), based on their conserved domains and zinc finger motif types. WRKYs from the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) were used for the phylogenetic analysis of all SbWRKY genes. Motif analysis showed that all SbWRKYs contained either one or two WRKY domains and that SbWRKYs within the same group had similar motif compositions. SbWRKY genes were located on all 10 sorghum chromosomes, and some gene clusters and two tandem duplications were detected. SbWRKY gene structure analysis showed that they contained 0-7 introns, with most SbWRKY genes consisting of two introns and three exons. Gene ontology (GO) annotation functionally categorized SbWRKYs under cellular components, molecular functions and biological processes. A cis-element analysis showed that all SbWRKYs contain at least one stress response-related cis-element. We exploited publicly available microarray datasets to analyze the expression profiles of 78 SbWRKY genes at different growth stages and in different tissues. The induction of SbWRKYs by different abiotic stresses hinted at their potential involvement in stress responses. qRT-PCR analysis revealed different expression patterns for SbWRKYs during drought stress. Functionally characterized WRKY genes in Arabidopsis and other species will provide clues for the functional characterization of putative orthologs in sorghum. Thus, the present study delivers a solid foundation for future functional studies of SbWRKY genes and their roles in the response to critical stresses such as drought.
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