Compliance with U.S. Government Nutrition Advice and Concurrent Obesity Trends Using Nurses' Health Study Data, 1980–2011
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Cohen E
PROVIDER: S-EPMC11347849 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Nov
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:IntroductionThe Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; Free/Reduced Priced Lunch Program; and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children reduce food insecurity for millions of Americans with lower incomes. However, critics have questioned whether they increase obesity. This study examined whether program participation was associated with BMI z-score from kindergarten to fifth grade.MethodsData from 4,457 primary-grade students whose household incomes were equal to or below 200% of the federal poverty level from kindergarten to fifth grade as part of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010‒2011 were analyzed. Marginal structural models with inverse probability of treatment/censoring weights were used to estimate associations between Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program/Free and Reduced Priced Lunch participation over time and fifth-grade BMI z-score, accounting for lost-to-follow-up and time-varying confounders. Weighted generalized estimating equations were used to examine associations between Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children participation and BMI z-score trends. All analyses incorporated sampling weights. The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010‒2011 data were collected from 2010-2016; analyses were conducted in 2021 and 2022.ResultsAt baseline, 2,419 (54.3%) respondents participated in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, 3,993 (89.6%) participated in Free/Reduced Priced Lunch, and 3,755 (84.2%) reported past participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. No associations were found between any program and fifth-grade BMI z-score or between Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children participation and BMI z-score trend.ConclusionsPrevious findings of relationships between program participation and BMI may have been because of weaker study designs and uncontrolled confounding. Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; Free/Reduced Priced Lunch; and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children was not associated with increased risk of childhood obesity in this recently conducted longitudinal study.
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Project description:BACKGROUND:The prevalence of being bullied traditionally among U.S. high school students is expected to reduce to 17.9%, according to Healthy People 2020 Initiatives. We examined trends in traditional victimization and cybervictimization with the latest large-scale time-series data in the United States. METHODS:We analyzed the data from the 2011-2019 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) to access the trends in traditional victimization and cybervictimization among U.S. high school students. We identified the temporal trends using multivariate logistic regression analyses, accounting for survey design features of YRBS. Participants included 72,605 high school students. RESULTS:The overall prevalence of victimization was 19.74% for traditional bullying and 15.38% for cyberbullying, suggesting that cyberbullying is not a low frequent phenomenon. The prevalence of victimization ranged from 20.19 to 19.04% for traditional victimization and 16.23 to 14.77% for cybervictimization, and the declined trends for the two kinds of bullying victimization were both statistically non-significant. The degree of overlap between the two kinds of bullying victimization was about 60%. Besides, female students reported more traditional victimization and cybervictimization than male peers within each survey cycle. CONCLUSIONS:No declined trends in traditional victimization and cybervictimization were observed during 2011-2019. Female students are more likely to experience school bullying. To achieve the Healthy People 2020 goal on bullying, more work is needed to explore the underlying reasons behind these unchanging trends.
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Project description:In recent years, self-reported cigarette smoking has declined among youth and adults, while electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has increased. However, sales trends for these products are less certain. This study assessed national and state patterns of U.S. cigarette and e-cigarette unit sales.Trends in cigarette and e-cigarette unit sales were analyzed using retail scanner data from September 25, 2011 through January 9, 2016 for: (1) convenience stores; and (2) all other outlets combined, including supermarkets, mass merchandisers, drug, dollar, and club stores, and military commissaries (online, tobacco-only, and "vape" shops were not available). Data by store type were available for the total contiguous U.S. and 29 states; combined data were available for the remaining states, except Alaska, Hawaii, and DC.During 2011-2015, cigarette sales exhibited a small, significant decrease; however, positive year-over-year growth occurred in convenience stores throughout most of 2015. E-cigarette unit sales significantly increased during 2011-2015, but year-over-year growth slowed and was occasionally negative. Cigarette unit sales exceeded e-cigarettes by 64:1 during the last 4-week period. During 2014-2015, cigarette sales increases occurred in 15 of 48 assessed states; e-cigarette sales increased in 18 states.Despite overall declines during 2011-2015, cigarette sales in 2015 grew for the first time in a decade. E-cigarette sales growth was positive, but slowed over the study period in assessed stores. Cigarette sales continued to exceed e-cigarette sales, reinforcing the importance of efforts to reduce the appeal and accessibility of cigarettes and other combusted tobacco products.
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Project description:The balance between spending on children and spending on the elderly is important in evaluating the allocation of public welfare spending. We examine trends in public spending on social welfare programs for children and the elderly during 1980-2000. For both groups, social welfare spending as a percentage of gross domestic product changed little, even during the economic expansions of the 1990s. In constant dollars, the gap in per capita social welfare spending between children and the elderly grew 20 percent. Unlike spending for programs for the elderly, spending for children's programs suffered during recessions. Public discussion about the current imbalance in public spending is needed.
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