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Operando Investigation of WS₂ Gas Sensors: Simultaneous Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Electrical Characterization in Unveiling Sensing Mechanisms during Toxic Gas Exposure.

ABSTRACT: Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) is combined with simultaneous electrical measurements and supported by density functional theory calculations to investigate the sensing mechanism of tungsten disulfide (WS₂)-based gas sensors in an operando dynamic experiment. This approach allows for the direct correlation between changes in the surface potential and the resistivity of the WS₂ sensing active layer under realistic operating conditions. Focusing on the toxic gases NO₂ and NH₃, we concurrently demonstrate the distinct chemical interactions between oxidizing or reducing agents and the WS₂ active layer and their effect on the sensor response. The experimental setup mimics standard electrical measurements on chemiresistors, exposing the sample to dry air and introducing the target gas analyte at different concentrations. This methodology applied to NH₃ concentrations of 100, 230, and 760 and 14 ppm of NO₂ establishes a benchmark for future APXPS studies on sensing devices, providing fast acquisition times and a 1:1 correlation between electrical response and spectroscopy data in operando conditions. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the sensing mechanism in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides, paving the way for optimizing chemiresistor sensors for various industrial applications and wireless platforms with low energy consumption.

SUBMITTER: Scardamaglia M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11348423 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Operando Investigation of WS2 Gas Sensors: Simultaneous Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Electrical Characterization in Unveiling Sensing Mechanisms during Toxic Gas Exposure.

Scardamaglia Mattia M Casanova-Cháfer Juan J Temperton Robert R Annanouch Fatima Ezahra FE Mohammadpour Amin A Malandra Gabriel G Das Arkaprava A Alagh Aanchal A Arbouch Imane I Montoisy Loïc L Cornil David D Cornil Jérôme J Llobet Eduard E Bittencourt Carla C

ACS sensors 20240726 8

Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) is combined with simultaneous electrical measurements and supported by density functional theory calculations to investigate the sensing mechanism of tungsten disulfide (WS2)-based gas sensors in an operando dynamic experiment. This approach allows for the direct correlation between changes in the surface potential and the resistivity of the WS2 sensing active layer under realistic operating conditions. Focusi ...[more]

PMID: 39057835

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Project description:Any substantial move of energy sources from fossil fuels to renewable resources requires large scale storage of excess energy, for example, via power to fuel processes. In this respect electrochemical reduction of CO2 may become very important, since it offers a method of sustainable CO production, which is a crucial prerequisite for synthesis of sustainable fuels. Carbon dioxide reduction in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is particularly promising owing to the high operating temperature, which leads to both improved thermodynamics and fast kinetics. Additionally, compared to purely chemical CO formation on oxide catalysts, SOECs have the outstanding advantage that the catalytically active oxygen vacancies are continuously formed at the counter electrode, and move to the working electrode where they reactivate the oxide surface without the need of a preceding chemical (e.g., by H2) or thermal reduction step. In the present work, the surface chemistry of (La,Sr)FeO3-δ and (La,Sr)CrO3-δ based perovskite-type electrodes was studied during electrochemical CO2 reduction by means of near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) at SOEC operating temperatures. These measurements revealed the formation of a carbonate intermediate, which develops on the oxide surface only upon cathodic polarization (i.e., under sufficiently reducing conditions). The amount of this adsorbate increases with increasing oxygen vacancy concentration of the electrode material, thus suggesting vacant oxygen lattice sites as the predominant adsorption sites for carbon dioxide. The correlation of carbonate coverage and cathodic polarization indicates that an electron transfer is required to form the carbonate and thus to activate CO2 on the oxide surface. The results also suggest that acceptor doped oxides with high electron concentration and high oxygen vacancy concentration may be particularly suited for CO2 reduction. In contrast to water splitting, the CO2 electrolysis reaction was not significantly affected by metallic particles, which were exsolved from the perovskite electrodes upon cathodic polarization. Carbon formation on the electrode surface was only observed under very strong cathodic conditions, and the carbon could be easily removed by retracting the applied voltage without damaging the electrode, which is particularly promising from an application point of view.

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Operando Investigation of WS₂ Gas Sensors: Simultaneous Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Electrical Characterization in Unveiling Sensing Mechanisms during Toxic Gas Exposure.

Publications

Operando Investigation of WS<sub>2</sub> Gas Sensors: Simultaneous Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Electrical Characterization in Unveiling Sensing Mechanisms during Toxic Gas Exposure.

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Operando Investigation of WS2 Gas Sensors: Simultaneous Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Electrical Characterization in Unveiling Sensing Mechanisms during Toxic Gas Exposure.

Publications

Operando Investigation of WS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Gas Sensors: Simultaneous Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Electrical Characterization in Unveiling Sensing Mechanisms during Toxic Gas Exposure.

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OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

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Operando Investigation of WS₂ Gas Sensors: Simultaneous Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Electrical Characterization in Unveiling Sensing Mechanisms during Toxic Gas Exposure.

Operando Investigation of WS<sub>2</sub> Gas Sensors: Simultaneous Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Electrical Characterization in Unveiling Sensing Mechanisms during Toxic Gas Exposure.