Assessing the economic burden of vision loss and irreversible legal blindness in Spain (2021–2030): a societal perspective
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Pablo L
PROVIDER: S-EPMC11370269 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundBenchmark data on the population-level economic burden are critical to inform policymakers about liver cancer control. However, comprehensive data in China are currently limited.MethodsA prevalence-based approach from a societal perspective was used to quantify the annual economic burden of liver cancer in China from 2019 to 2030. Detailed per-case data on medical/non-medical expenditure and work-loss days were extracted from a multicenter survey. The numbers/rates of new/prevalent cases and deaths, survival, and population-related parameters were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 and the literature. All expenditure data were reported in both 2019 Chinese Yuan (CNY) and United States dollar (US$, for main estimations).ResultThe overall economic burden of liver cancer was estimated at CNY76.7/US$11.1 billion in China in 2019 (0.047% of the local GDP). The direct expenditure was CNY21.6/US$3.1 billion, including CNY19.7/US$2.9 billion for medical expenditure and CNY1.9/US$0.3 billion for non-medical expenditure. The indirect cost was CNY55.1/US$8.0 billion (71.8% of the overall burden), including CNY3.0/US$0.4 billion due to disability and CNY52.0/US$7.5 billion due to premature death. The total burden would increase to CNY84.2/US$12.2 billion, CNY141.7/US$20.5 billion, and CNY234.3/US$34.0 billion in 2020, 2025, and 2030, accounting for 0.102%, 0.138%, and 0.192% of China's GDP, respectively. However, if China achieves the goals of Healthy China 2030 or the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals for non-communicable diseases, the burden in 2030 would be < CNY144.4/US$20.9 billion.ConclusionsThe population-level economic burden of liver cancer in China is currently substantial and will consistently increase in the future. Sustainable efforts in primary and secondary interventions for liver cancer need to be further strengthened.
| S-EPMC9308023 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundIn the absence of accessible, good quality eye health services and inclusive environments, vision loss can impact individuals, households and communities in many ways, including through increased poverty, reduced quality of life and reduced employment. We aimed to estimate the annual potential productivity losses associated with reduced employment due to blindness and moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI) at a regional and global level.MethodsWe constructed a model using the most recent economic, demographic (2018) and prevalence (2020) data. Calculations were limited to the working age population (15-64 years) and presented in 2018 US Dollars purchasing power parity (ppp). Two separate models, using Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Income (GNI), were calculated to maximise comparability with previous estimates.FindingsWe found that 160.7 million people with MSVI or blindness were within the working age and estimated that the overall relative reduction in employment by people with vision loss was 30.2%. Globally, using GDP we estimated that the annual cost of potential productivity losses of MSVI and blindness was $410.7 billion ppp (range $322.1 - $518.7 billion), or 0.3% of GDP. Using GNI, overall productivity losses were estimated at $408.5 billion ppp (range $320.4 - $515.9 billion), 0.5% lower than estimates using GDP.InterpretationThese findings support the view that blindness and MSVI are associated with a large economic impact worldwide. Reducing and preventing vision loss and developing and implementing strategies to help visually impaired people to find and keep employment may result in significant productivity gains.FundingMJB is supported by the Wellcome Trust (207472/Z/17/Z). JR's appointment at the University of Auckland is funded by the Buchanan Charitable Foundation, New Zealand. The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health was supported by grants from The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust, Moorfields Eye Charity (GR001061), NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, The Wellcome Trust, Sightsavers, The Fred Hollows Foundation, The SEVA Foundation, The British Council for the Prevention of Blindness and Christian Blind Mission. The funders had no role in the design, conduct, data analysis of the study, or writing of the manuscript.
| S-EPMC8093883 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveThis study aims to systematically elucidate the burden of blindness and vision loss (BVL) attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021 and to forecast the trends in BVL burden over the next decade.MethodsWe extracted data on years lived with disability (YLDs) and age-standardized YLDs rate (ASYR) related to blindness and vision loss (BVL) caused by smoking, including cataracts and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database for the years 1990 to 2021. These data were disaggregated by age, gender, sociodemographic index (SDI), region, and country. Temporal trends in the burden of smoking-induced BVL were evaluated by calculating the average annual percentage changes (AAPCs).ResultsBVL attributable to smoking presents a significant disease burden, with global BVL-related YLDs attributable to smoking increasing from 1990 to 2021, while ASYR showed a declining trend. In 2021, the global BVL-related YLDs and ASYR attributable to smoking were estimated at 284.03 thousand and 3.27 per 100,000 population. The ASYR for cataract and AMD are 2.60 and 0.68 per 100,000, respectively. The burden was notably higher in males than females, highlighting significant gender disparities. Regionally, the highest burdens were observed in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and North Africa. It is expected that the number of global BVL-related YLDs will increase further by 2030.ConclusionSmoking has imposed a substantial disease burden on BVL over the past three decades. The burden is predominantly concentrated among males, particularly older individuals and those in low to middle-SDI regions. Moreover, the burden of smoking-induced BVL is expected to continue improving over the next decade.
| S-EPMC11792669 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundDengue, a vector-borne disease, is a major public health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries including Bangladesh. The objective of this study is to estimate the societal cost of illness of dengue infections among the urban population in Dhaka, Bangladesh.MethodsA cost-of-illness study was conducted using a prevalence-based approach from a societal perspective. Costs attributable to dengue were estimated from a bottom-up strategy using the guideline proposed by the World Health Organization for estimating the economic burden of infectious diseases.ResultsA total of 302 hospitalized confirmed dengue patients were enrolled in this study. The average cost to society for a person with a dengue episode was US$ 479.02. This amount was ranged between US$ 341.67 and US$ 567.12 for those patients who were treated at public and private hospitals, respectively. The households out-of-pocket cost contributed to a larger portion of the total costs of illness (66%) while the cost burden was significantly higher for the poorest households than the richest quintile.ConclusionsDengue disease imposes a substantial financial burden on households and society. Therefore, decision-makers should consider the treatment cost of dengue infections, particularly among the poor in the population while balancing the benefits of introducing potentially effective dengue preventive programs in Bangladesh.
| S-EPMC10723663 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundCervical cancer imposes considerable economic burden on societies and individuals. There is lack of evidence regarding this from the developing world and particularly from sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, the study aimed to estimate the societal costs of cervical cancer in Eswatini.Materials and methodsThe cost of illness study (CoI) was applied using national specific clinical and registry data from hospitals, registries and reports to determine the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer in Eswatini in 2018. Cost data included direct medical costs (health care utilization in inpatient and outpatient care), direct non-medical costs (patient costs for traveling) and indirect costs based on productivity loss due to morbidity (patient time during diagnosis and treatment) and premature mortality.ResultsThe estimated total annual cost for cervical cancer was $19 million (ranging between $14 million and $24 million estimated with lower and upper bounds). Direct cost represented the majority of the costs at 72% ($13.7 million) out of which total pre-cancerous treatment costs accounted for 0.7% ($94,161). The management of invasive cervical cancer was the main cost driver with costs attributable to treatment for FIGO III and FIGO IV representing $1.7 million and $8.7 million respectively. Indirect costs contributed 27% ($5.3 million) out of which productivity loss due to premature mortality represented the majority at 67% ($3.5 million).ConclusionThe economic burden of cervical cancer in Eswatini is substantial. National public health prevention strategies with prophylactic HPV vaccine and screening for cervical lesions should therefore be prioritized to limit the extensive costs associated with cervical cancer.
| S-EPMC8049330 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cancer patients and their families experience considerable financial hardship; however, the current published literature on the economic burden of cancer at the population level has typically focused on the costs from the health system's perspective. This study aims to estimate the economic burden of cancer in Canada from a societal perspective. The analysis was conducted using the OncoSim-All Cancers model, a Canadian cancer microsimulation model. OncoSim simulates cancer incidence and deaths using incidence and mortality data from the Canadian Cancer Registry and demography projections from Statistics Canada. Using a phase-based costing framework, we estimated the economic burden of cancer in Canada in 2021 by incorporating published direct health system costs and patients' and families' costs (out-of-pocket costs, time costs, indirect costs). From a societal perspective, cancer-related costs were CAD 26.2 billion in Canada in 2021; 30% of costs were borne by patients and their families. The economic burden was the highest in the first year after cancer was diagnosed (i.e., initial care). During this time, patients and families' costs amounted to almost CAD 4.8 billion in 2021. This study provides a comprehensive estimate of the economic burden of cancer, which could inform cost-benefit analyses of proposed cancer prevention interventions.
| S-EPMC9025082 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionHaemophilia is a rare genetic bleeding disorder that leads to musculoskeletal complications. The high cost of haemophilia treatment necessitates a thorough evaluation of its economic burden. However, due to the difficulty of estimating direct non-medical, indirect, and intangible costs, studies often underestimate the actual economic burden of haemophilia. This scoping review aims to summarise economic studies in haemophilia conducted from a societal perspective.MethodsA systematic search across eight scholarly databases, grey literature, and reference lists until the 5th of July 2023 was conducted to identify relevant studies. The inclusion criteria encompassed full-text, English-language publications of economic analyses in congenital haemophilia from a societal perspective. Model-based studies and those adopting a payer perspective were excluded. Costs were adjusted to international dollars (I$) and US dollars (US$) in 2022 for comparability.ResultsOut of 2993 potential sources identified, 25 studies met the inclusion criteria, covering 7226 persons with haemophilia across 22 countries. All studies reported direct medical costs, with four excluding the cost of haemostatic therapy. Fifteen studies reported direct formal non-medical costs, while eight reported direct informal non-medical costs. All but one study reported the indirect costs. The average annual costs of haemophilia varied widely based on treatment modality, disease severity, geographical location, and included cost categories. When including the cost of clotting factor replacement therapy (CFRT), the total cost for severe haemophilia without inhibitors ranged from 1566 I$ to 700,070 I$ per person per year (lowest value reported in India and highest in the United States). CFRT represented up to 99.9% of the total cost for those receiving prophylaxis and up to 95.1% for episodic treatment. Haemostatic therapies accounted for 82% of the total cost in patients with inhibitors.ConclusionThere is a significant heterogeneity in defining cost categories required for a comprehensive economic analysis from a societal perspective. While haemostatic therapies constitute a substantial portion of the overall cost, direct non-medical and indirect costs are crucial as they are often paid out-of-pocket and may impede access to treatment. It is essential for haematologists and economists to establish a standardised costing framework for future studies, particularly in the era of novel therapies.
| S-EPMC11865401 | biostudies-literature
Project description:There have been relatively few attempts to represent vision or blindness ontologically. This is unsurprising as the related phenomena of sight and blindness are difficult to represent ontologically for a variety of reasons. Blindness has escaped ontological capture at least in part because: blindness or the employment of the term 'blindness' seems to vary from context to context, blindness can present in a myriad of types and degrees, and there is no precedent for representing complex phenomena such as blindness.We explore current attempts to represent vision or blindness, and show how these attempts fail at representing subtypes of blindness (viz., color blindness, flash blindness, and inattentional blindness). We examine the results found through a review of current attempts and identify where they have failed.By analyzing our test cases of different types of blindness along with the strengths and weaknesses of previous attempts, we have identified the general features of blindness and vision. We propose an ontological solution to represent vision and blindness, which capitalizes on resources afforded to one who utilizes the Basic Formal Ontology as an upper-level ontology.The solution we propose here involves specifying the trigger conditions of a disposition as well as the processes that realize that disposition. Once these are specified we can characterize vision as a function that is realized by certain (in this case) biological processes under a range of triggering conditions. When the range of conditions under which the processes can be realized are reduced beyond a certain threshold, we are able to say that blindness is present. We characterize vision as a function that is realized as a seeing process and blindness as a reduction in the conditions under which the sight function is realized. This solution is desirable because it leverages current features of a major upper-level ontology, accurately captures the phenomenon of blindness, and can be implemented in many domain-specific ontologies.
| S-EPMC4815270 | biostudies-other
Project description:BACKGROUND:Depressive disorders are associated with a high burden of disease. However, due to the burden posed by the disease on not only the sufferers, but also on their relatives, there is an ongoing debate about which costs to include and, hence, which perspective should be applied. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to examine whether the change between healthcare payer and societal perspective leads to different conclusions of cost-utility analyses in the case of depression. METHODS:A systematic literature search was conducted to identify economic evaluations of interventions in depression, launched on Medline and the Cost-Effectiveness Registry of the Tufts University using a ten-year time horizon (2008-2018). In a two-stepped screening process, cost-utility studies were selected by means of specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subsequently, relevant findings was extracted and, if not fully stated, calculated by the authors of this work. RESULTS:Overall, 53 articles with 92 complete economic evaluations, reporting costs from healthcare payer/provider and societal perspective, were identified. More precisely, 22 estimations (24%) changed their results regarding the cost-effectiveness quadrant when the societal perspective was included. Furthermore, 5% of the ICURs resulted in cost-effectiveness regarding the chosen threshold (2% of them became dominant) when societal costs were included. However, another four estimations (4%) showed the opposite result: these interventions were no longer cost-effective after the inclusion of societal costs. CONCLUSIONS:Summarising the disparities in results and applied methods, the results show that societal costs might alter the conclusions in cost-utility analyses. Hence, the relevance of the perspectives chosen should be taken into account when carrying out an economic evaluation. This systematic review demonstrates that the results of economic evaluations can be affected by different methods available for estimating non-healthcare costs.
| S-EPMC7510122 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHead and neck cancers (HNC) are increasingly recognized as important human papillomavirus (HPV)-related malignancies in addition to cervical cancer (CC). However, data on the socioeconomic impact of HNC and CC in Taiwan are limited.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted to estimate the total direct medical cost and indirect productivity loss from CC and HNC between 2014 and 2015. Patient data from the Taiwan National Cancer Registry were analyzed, with matched non-cancer controls from the Taiwan National Healthcare Reimbursement Database. Indirect costs due to premature deaths were calculated using public data from Taiwanese government reports.ResultsIn the direct cost analysis, 2083 patients with newly diagnosed CC and 11,078 with newly diagnosed HNC (10,036 males) were identified between 2014 and 2015 and followed up through the end of 2016 or until death. The total direct medical costs incurred in 2014 and 2015 due to HNC were 11.54 times higher in males than in females, and 4.55 times higher than CC. Indirect cost analysis showed the total annual productivity loss was New Taiwan Dollar (NTD) $12 billion in 2019, and 79.99% was attributed to male HNC.ConclusionIn Taiwan, the socioeconomic burden associated with male HNC is high and greater than that seen with CC. While not all HNCs are attributable to HPV infection, prevention of HNC through HPV vaccination should be considered for both sexes.
| S-EPMC9967678 | biostudies-literature