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Aromatic components and endophytic fungi during the formation of agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis were induced by exogenous substances.

ABSTRACT: The process of formation of aromatic components for agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis is closely related to endophytic fungi and the result of complex multiple long-term joint interactions with them. However, the interactions between the aromatic components and endophytic fungi remain unclear during the formation of agarwood. In this study, precise mixed solution of hormones, inorganic salts, and fungi was used to induce its formation in A. sinensis, and sample blocks of wood were collected at different times after inoculation. This study showed that the aromatic compounds found in the three treatments of A. sinensis were primarily chromones (31.70-33.65%), terpenes (16.68-27.10%), alkanes (15.99-23.83%), and aromatics (3.13-5.07%). Chromones and terpenes were the primary components that characterized the aroma. The different sampling times had a more pronounced impact on the richness and diversity of endophytic fungal communities in the A. sinensis xylem than the induction treatments. The species annotation of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) demonstrated that the endophytic fungi were primarily composed of 18 dominant families and 20 dominant genera. A linear regression analysis of the network topology properties with induction time showed that the interactions among the fungal species continued to strengthen, and the network structure tended to become more complex. The terpenes significantly negatively correlated with the Pielou evenness index (p < 0.05), while the chromones significantly positively correlated with the OTUs and Shannon indices.

SUBMITTER: Pang S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11371604 | biostudies-literature | 2024

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Aromatic components and endophytic fungi during the formation of agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis were induced by exogenous substances.

Pang Shengjiang S Zhao Weiwei W Zhang Qingqing Q Tian Zuwei Z Wu Dan D Deng Shuokun S Zhang Pei P Li Zhongguo Z Liu Shiling S Yang Baoguo B Huang Guihua G Zhou Zaizhi Z

Frontiers in microbiology 20240821

The process of formation of aromatic components for agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis is closely related to endophytic fungi and the result of complex multiple long-term joint interactions with them. However, the interactions between the aromatic components and endophytic fungi remain unclear during the formation of agarwood. In this study, precise mixed solution of hormones, inorganic salts, and fungi was used to induce its formation in A. sinensis, and sample blocks of wood were col ...[more]

PMID: 39234541

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Project description:Agarwood is the most expensive non-construction wood product in the world. As a therapeutic agent, agarwood can cure some diseases, but few studies have been carried out on the antagonistic abilities of endophytic fungi associated with agarwood. Agarwood is mainly found in the genus Aquiaria. The objectives of this study are to understand the antimicrobial activities and their potential as biocontrol agents of the endophytic fungi of Aquilaria sinensis. First, fresh samples of A. sinensis were collected from Yunnan and Guangdong Provinces in 2020-2021, and the endophytic fungi were isolated and identified to genus level based on the phylogenetic analyses of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. In this bioassay, 47 endophytic strains were selected to check their bioactivities against three bacterial pathogens viz. Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae, and Salmonella enterica; and three fungal pathogens viz. Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, and Penicillium digitatum. The antibiosis test was carried out by the dual culture assay (10 days), and among the 47 strains selected, 40 strains belong to 18 genera viz. Alternaria, Annulohypoxylon, Aspergillus, Botryosphaeria, Colletotrichum, Corynespora, Curvularia, Daldinia, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia, Neofusicoccum, Neopestalotiopsis, Nigrospora, Paracamarosporium, Pseudopithomyces, Trichoderma, Trichosporon and one strain belongs to Xylariaceae had antimicrobial activities. In particular, Lasiodiplodia sp. (YNA-D3) showed the inhibition of all the bacterial and fungal pathogens with a significant inhibition rate. In addition, the strains viz; Curvularia sp. (GDA-3A9), Diaporthe sp. (GDA-2A1), Lasiodiplodia sp. (YNA-D3), Neofusicoccum sp. (YNA-1C3), Nigrospora sp. (GDA-4C1), and Trichoderma sp. (YNA-1C1) showed significant antimicrobial activities and are considered worthy of further studies to identify individual fungal species and their bioactive compounds. This study enriches the diversity of endophytic fungi associated with agarwood, and their potential antagonistic effects against bacterial and fungal pathogens.

Project description:BackgroundAgarwood is a traditional Chinese medicine used as a clinical sedative, carminative, and antiemetic drug. Agarwood is formed in Aquilaria sinensis when A. sinensis trees are threatened by external physical, chemical injury or endophytic fungal irritation. However, the mechanism of agarwood formation via chemical induction remains unclear. In this study, we characterized the transcriptome of different parts of a chemically induced A. sinensis trunk sample with agarwood. The Illumina sequencing platform was used to identify the genes involved in agarwood formation.Methodology/principal findingsA five-year-old Aquilaria sinensis treated by formic acid was selected. The white wood part (B1 sample), the transition part between agarwood and white wood (W2 sample), the agarwood part (J3 sample), and the rotten wood part (F5 sample) were collected for transcriptome sequencing. Accordingly, 54,685,634 clean reads, which were assembled into 83,467 unigenes, were obtained with a Q20 value of 97.5%. A total of 50,565 unigenes were annotated using the Nr, Nt, SWISS-PROT, KEGG, COG, and GO databases. In particular, 171,331,352 unigenes were annotated by various pathways, including the sesquiterpenoid (ko00909) and plant-pathogen interaction (ko03040) pathways. These pathways were related to sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis and defensive responses to chemical stimulation.Conclusions/significanceThe transcriptome data of the different parts of the chemically induced A. sinensis trunk provide a rich source of materials for discovering and identifying the genes involved in sesquiterpenoid production and in defensive responses to chemical stimulation. This study is the first to use de novo sequencing and transcriptome assembly for different parts of chemically induced A. sinensis. Results demonstrate that the sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis pathway and WRKY transcription factor play important roles in agarwood formation via chemical induction. The comparative analysis of the transcriptome data of agarwood and A. sinensis lays the foundation for elucidating the mechanism of agarwood formation via chemical induction, and thus, enables future improvements in agarwood quality while protecting endangered wild A. sinensis.

Project description:Agarwood is a resinous heartwood of Aquilaria sinensis that is formed in response to mechanical wounding. However, the transcriptional response of A. sinensis to mechanical wounding during the agarwood formation process is still unclear. Here, three five-year-old A. sinensis trees were mechanically damaged by a chisel, and time-series transcriptomic analysis of xylem tissues in the treated area (TA) was performed at 15 (TA1), 70 (TA2) and 180 days after treatment (TA3). Samples from untreated areas at the corresponding time points (UA1, UA2, UA3, respectively) were collected as controls. A total of 1862 (TA1 vs. UA1), 961 (TA2 vs. UA2), 1370 (TA3 vs. UA3), 3305 (TA2 vs. TA1), 2625 (TA3 vs. TA1), 2899 (TA3 vs. TA2), 782 (UA2 vs. UA1), 4443 (UA3 vs. UA1) and 4031 (UA3 vs. UA2) genes were differentially expressed (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched for secondary metabolic processes, signal transduction and transcriptional regulation processes. Most of the genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were more abundant in the TA groups, which included phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate CoA ligase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase. DEGs involved in sesquiterpene biosynthesis were also identified. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, phosphomevalonate kinase and terpene synthase genes were significantly increased in the TA groups, promoting sesquiterpene biosynthesis in the wounded xylem tissues. The TF-gene transcriptomic networks suggested that MYB DNA-binding, NAM, WRKY, HLH and AP2 TFs co-expressed with genes related to lignin and sesquiterpene synthesis, indicating their critical regulatory roles in the biosynthesis of these compounds. Overall, our study reveals a dynamic transcriptional response of A. sinensis to mechanical wounding, provides a resource for identifying candidate genes for molecular breeding of agarwood quality, and sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of agarwood formation in A. sinensis.

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Aromatic components and endophytic fungi during the formation of agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis were induced by exogenous substances.

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Aromatic components and endophytic fungi during the formation of agarwood in <i>Aquilaria sinensis</i> were induced by exogenous substances.

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