Dataset Information

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in professional settings, shops, shared transport, and leisure activities in France, 2020-2022.

ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to identify settings associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in France. Cases with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection were matched with controls (4:1 ratio) on age, sex, region, population size, and calendar week. Odds ratios for SARS-CoV-2 infection were estimated for nine periods in models adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, health status, COVID-19 vaccine, and past infection. Between October 27, 2020 and October 2, 2022, 175,688 cases were matched with 43,922 controls. An increased risk of infection was documented throughout the study for open-space offices compared to offices without open space (OR range across the nine periods: 1.12 to 1.57) and long-distance trains (1.25 to 1.88), and during most of the study for convenience stores (OR range in the periods with increased risk: 1.15 to 1.44), take-away delivery (1.07 to 1.28), car-pooling with relatives (1.09 to 1.68), taxis (1.08 to 1.89), airplanes (1.20 to 1.78), concerts (1.31 to 2.09) and night-clubs (1.45 to 2.95). No increase in transmission was associated with short-distance shared transport, car-pooling booked over platforms, markets, supermarkets and malls, hairdressers, museums, movie theatres, outdoor sports, and swimming pools. The increased risk of infection in bars and restaurants was no longer present in restaurants after reopening in June 2021. It persisted in bars only among those aged under 40 years. Closed settings in which people are less likely to wear masks were most affected by SARS-CoV-2 transmission and should be the focus of air quality improvement. GOV (03/09/2022): NCT04607941.

SUBMITTER: Galmiche S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11376041 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in professional settings, shops, shared transport, and leisure activities in France, 2020-2022.

Galmiche Simon S Charmet Tiffany T Rakover Arthur A Chény Olivia O Omar Faïza F David Christophe C Mailles Alexandra A Carrat Fabrice F Fontanet Arnaud A

BMC public health 20240904 1

<h4>Purpose</h4>The aim of the study was to identify settings associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in France.<h4>Methods</h4>Cases with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection were matched with controls (4:1 ratio) on age, sex, region, population size, and calendar week. Odds ratios for SARS-CoV-2 infection were estimated for nine periods in models adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, health status, COVID-19 vaccine, and past infection.<h4>Results</h4>Between ...[more]

PMID: 39232732

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Project description:ImportanceUnderstanding the contribution of children to SARS-CoV-2 circulation in households is critical for designing public health policies and mitigation strategies.ObjectiveTo identify temporal changes in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people living with children.Design, setting, and participantsThis case-control study included online questionnaire responses from French adults between October 2020 and October 2022. Eligible cases were adults with ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection with an email address on record with the national health insurance system, which centralized all new diagnoses in France. Eligible controls were adults who had never tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 until February 2021, when eligibility was extended to all adults without ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection.ExposureTransmission of SARS-CoV-2 from a child (aged under 18 years) within the household in the descriptive analysis, as reported by the participating case. Sharing household with a child (of any age or broken down by school level) in the case-control analysis.Main outcome and measuresOngoing SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or supervised rapid antigen test (ie, not self-tests).ResultsA total of 682 952 cases were included for the descriptive analysis (68.8% female, median [IQR] age, 44 [34-55] years). Among those, 45 108 (6.6%) identified a household child as the source case; this proportion peaked at 10.4% during the Omicron BA.1 wave (December 20, 2021, to April 8, 2022). For the case-control analysis, we matched 175 688 cases (with a 4:1 ratio) for demographic characteristics with 43 922 controls. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, household exposure to children was associated with an increased risk of infection mainly at the end of summer 2021 (receding Delta wave) and during winter 2022 (Omicron BA.1 wave). In subgroup analysis by school level of the child, living with children under the age of 6 was associated with increased odds of infection throughout the study period, peaking at an odds ratio (OR) 1.8 (95% CI, 1.6-2.1) for children looked after by professional in-home caregivers, 1.7 (95% CI, 1.5-1.7) for children in day care facilities, and 1.6 (95% CI, 1.4-1.8) for children in preschool. The ORs associated with household exposure to children aged 6 to 14 years increased during the Delta (August 14, 2021, to December 19, 2021) and Omicron BA.1 waves, reaching 1.6 (95% CI, 1.5-1.7) for primary school children and 1.4 (95% CI, 1.3-1.5) for middle school children. Exposure to older children aged 15 to 17 years was associated with a moderate risk until April 2021, with an OR of 1.2 (95% CI, 1.2-1.3) during curfew in early 2021 (December 4, 2020, to April 8, 2021).Conclusions and relevanceThe presence of children, notably very young ones, was associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in other household members, especially during the Delta and Omicron BA.1 waves. These results should help to guide policies targeting children and immunocompromised members of their household.

Project description:AimsMitigation actions during the COVID-19 pandemic may impact mental health and suicide in general populations. We aimed to analyse the evolution in suicide deaths from 2020 to March 2022 in France.MethodsUsing free-text medical causes in death certificates, we built an algorithm, which aimed to identify suicide deaths. We measured its retrospective performances by comparing suicide deaths identified using the algorithm with deaths which had either a Tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) code for 'intentional self-harm' or for 'external cause of undetermined intent' as the underlying cause. The number of suicide deaths from January 2020 to March 2022 was then compared with the expected number estimated using a generalized additive model. The difference and the ratio between the observed and expected number of suicide deaths were calculated on the three lockdown periods and for periods between lockdowns and after the third one. The analysis was stratified by age group and gender.ResultsThe free-text algorithm demonstrated high performances. From January 2020 to mid-2021, suicide mortality declined during France's three lockdowns, particularly in men. During the periods between and after the two first lockdowns, suicide mortality remained comparable to the expected values, except for men over 85 years old and in 65-84 year-old age group, where a small number of excess deaths was observed in the weeks following the end of first lockdown, and for men aged 45-64 years old, where the decline continued after the second lockdown ended. After the third lockdown until March 2022, an increase in suicide mortality was observed in 18-24 year-old age group for both genders and in men aged 65-84 years old, while a decrease was observed in the 25-44 year-old age group.ConclusionsThis study highlighted the absence of an increase in suicide mortality during France's COVID-19 pandemic and a substantial decline during lockdown periods, something already observed in other countries. The increase in suicide mortality observed in 18-24 year-old age group and in men aged 65-84 years old from mid-2021 to March 2022 suggests a prolonged impact of COVID-19 on mental health, also described on self-harm hospitalizations and emergency department's attendances in France. Further studies are required to explain the factors for this change. Reactive monitoring of suicide mortality needs to be continued since mental health consequences and the increase in suicide mortality may be continued in the future with the international context.

Project description:ImportanceGaps in readiness for indirect supervision have been identified for essential responsibilities encountered early in residency, presenting risks to patient safety. Core Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for entering residency have been proposed as a framework to address these gaps and strengthen the transition from medical school to residency.ObjectiveTo assess progress in developing an entrustment process in the Core EPAs framework.Design, setting, and participantsIn this quality improvement study in the Core EPAs for Entering Residency Pilot, trained faculty made theoretical entrustment determinations and recorded the number of workplace-based assessments (WBAs) available for each determination in 2019 and 2020. Four participating schools attempted entrustment decision-making for all graduating students or a randomly selected subset of students. Deidentified, individual-level data were merged into a multischool database.InterventionsSchools implemented EPA-related curriculum, WBAs, and faculty development; developed systems to compile and display data; and convened groups to make theoretical summative entrustment determinations.Main outcomes and measuresOn an EPA-specific basis, the percentage of students for whom an entrustment determination could be made, the percentage of students ready for indirect supervision, and the volume of WBAs available were recorded.ResultsFour participating schools made 4525 EPA-specific readiness determinations (2296 determinations in 2019 and 2229 determinations in 2020) for 732 graduating students (349 students in 2019 and 383 students in 2020). Across all EPAs, the proportion of determinations of "ready for indirect supervision" increased from 2019 to 2020 (997 determinations [43.4%] vs 1340 determinations [60.1%]; 16.7 percentage point increase; 95% CI, 13.8-19.6 percentage points; P < .001), as did the proportion of determinations for which there were 4 or more WBAs (456 of 2295 determinations with WBA data [19.9%] vs 938 [42.1%]; 22.2 percentage point increase; 95% CI, 19.6-24.8 percentage points; P < .001). The proportion of EPA-specific data sets considered for which an entrustment determination could be made increased from 1731 determinations (75.4%) in 2019 to 2010 determinations (90.2%) in 2020 (14.8 percentage point increase; 95% CI, 12.6-16.9 percentage points; P < .001). On an EPA-specific basis, there were 5 EPAs (EPA 4 [orders], EPA 8 [handovers], EPA 10 [urgent care], EPA 11 [informed consent], and EPA 13 [patient safety]) for which few students were deemed ready for indirect supervision and for which there were few WBAs available per student in either year. For example, for EPA 13, 0 of 125 students were deemed ready in 2019 and 0 of 127 students were deemed ready in 2020, while 0 determinations in either year included 4 or more WBAs.Conclusions and relevanceThese findings suggest that there was progress in WBA data collected, the extent to which entrustment determinations could be made, and proportions of entrustment determinations reported as ready for indirect supervision. However, important gaps remained, particularly for a subset of Core EPAs.

Project description:BackgroundSir William Osler suggested in 1899 that avocations (leisure activities) in doctors are related to an increased sense of vocation (professional engagement) and a decreased level of burnout. This study evaluated those claims in a large group of doctors practicing in the UK while taking into account a wide range of background variables.MethodsA follow-up questionnaire was sent to 4,457 UK-qualified doctors who had been included in four previous studies of medical school selection and training, beginning in 1980, 1985, 1990 and 1989/1991. A total of 2,845 (63.8%) doctors returned the questionnaire. Questions particularly asked about work engagement, satisfaction with medicine as a career, and personal achievement (Vocation/engagement), stress, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization (BurnedOut), and 29 different leisure activities (Avocation/Leisure), as well as questions on personality, empathy, work experience, and demography.ResultsDoctors reporting more Avocation/Leisure activities tended to be women, to have older children, to be less surface-rational, more extravert, more open to experience, less agreeable, and to fantasize more. Doctors who were more BurnedOut tended to be men, to be more sleep-deprived, to report a greater workload and less choice and independence in their work, to have higher neuroticism, lower extraversion and lower agreeableness scores, and to have lower self-esteem. In contrast, doctors with a greater sense of Vocation/engagement, tended to see more patients, to have greater choice and independence at work, to have a deep approach to work, to have a more supportive-receptive work environment, to be more extravert and more conscientious, and to report greater self-esteem.Avocation/Leisure activities correlated significantly with Vocation/engagement, even after taking into account 25 background variables describing demography, work, and personality, whereas BurnedOut showed no significant correlation with Avocation/Leisure activities. Popular Culture and High Culture did not differ in their influence on Vocation/engagement, although there was a suggestion that Depersonalization was correlated with more interest in Popular Culture and less interest in High Culture.ConclusionIn this cross-sectional study there is evidence, even after taking into account a wide range of individual difference measures, that doctors with greater Avocation/Leisure activities also have a greater sense of Vocation/Engagement. In contrast, being BurnedOut did not relate to Avocation/Leisure activities (but did relate to many other measures). Osler was probably correct in recommending to doctors that, 'While medicine is to be your vocation, or calling, see to it that you also have an avocation'.

Dataset Information

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in professional settings, shops, shared transport, and leisure activities in France, 2020-2022.

Publications

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in professional settings, shops, shared transport, and leisure activities in France, 2020-2022.

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