Coupling is key for the tropical Indian and Atlantic oceans to boost super El Nino.

ABSTRACT: The influences of the tropical Indian and Atlantic oceans on the development of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), especially regarding super El Niño events, have been a subject of debate. In particular, several studies argue that these cross-basin influences may be mere statistical artifacts resulting from the high auto-correlation of ENSO. To clarify this issue, we conduct a series of perfect model hindcast experiments to untangle the individual and synergistic effects of the tropical Indian and Atlantic oceans. Our results clearly demonstrate that without these cross-basin effects, the Pacific warming would rarely reach super El Niño level. Specifically, the individual effect of the Indian Ocean efficiently enhances the development of super El Niño events. In contrast, the Atlantic's

SUBMITTER: Fan H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11397419 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature