Ultra-processed foods intake and sex hormone levels among children and adolescents aged 6-19 years: a cross-sectional study.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Sex hormones are crucial for the development of children and adolescents. The increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) among children and adolescents in the United States (US) has raised concerns about their potential impact on health, including hormonal balance.

Methods

Data from 3,354 participants aged 6-19 years from the NHANES 2013-2016 were analyzed. UPF intake was categorized using the NOVA food classification system, and the percentage of total daily energy intake from UPFs was calculated. The serum levels of total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and estradiol (E2) were measured. The free androgen index (FAI) and TT/E2 ratio were calculated to estimate bioavailable testosterone levels and the balance between androgens a

SUBMITTER: Zhao H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11412839 | biostudies-literature | 2024

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature