PD-L1 and VEGF dual blockade enhances anti-tumor effect on brain metastasis in hematogenous metastasis model.

ABSTRACT: Immunotherapy improves survival outcomes in cancer patients, but there is still an unmet clinical need in the treatment of brain metastases. Here, we used a mouse model to investigate the antitumor effect of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) dual blockade on metastatic brain tumors and evaluated immune responses during treatment. After establishing hematogenous brain metastasis by transplanting murine bladder carcinoma MBT2 cells stably expressing secNLuc reporter via the internal carotid artery of C3H/HeNCrl mice, we observed the formation of metastases not only in the brain parenchyma but also in the ventricles. The observed pathological areas showed that metastases in the ventricle were histologically larger than that in the brain parenchyma

SUBMITTER: Masuda C 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11607052 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature