The causal association of smoking, alcohol intake, and coffee intake with the risk of bacterial pneumonia: A Mendelian randomization study.

ABSTRACT:

Background

At present, the association of smoking, alcohol intake, and coffee intake with the risk of bacterial pneumonia (BP) remains controversial. In this study, we used a 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to estimate the association of smoking, alcohol intake, and coffee intake with the risk of BP.

Methods

We extracted genetic variants associated with smoking initiation and cigarettes per day from the Genome-Wide Association Study and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine Use database (944,625 individuals). We also extracted genetic variants associated with past tobacco smoking, alcohol intake frequency, and coffee intake from the UK Biobank database (1,316,166 individuals). BP outcomes were chosen from the FinnGen genome-wide association studies (GW

SUBMITTER: He Z 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11651526 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature