Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses as a function of multiple COVID-19 boosters.

ABSTRACT: The long-term effects of repeated COVID-19 vaccinations on adaptive immunity remain incompletely understood. Here, we conducted a comprehensive three-year longitudinal study examining T cell and antibody responses in 78 vaccinated individuals without reported symptomatic infections. We observed distinct dynamics in Spike-specific humoral and cellular immune responses across multiple vaccine doses. While antibody titers incrementally increased and stabilized with each booster, T cell responses rapidly plateaued, maintaining remarkable stability across CD4+ and CD8+ subsets. Notably, approximately 30% of participants showed CD4+ T cell reactivity to non-Spike antigens, consistent with asymptomatic infections. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a diverse landscape of Spike-specific T cell ph

SUBMITTER: da Silva Antunes R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11741356 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature