Animal-free safety assessment of chemicals: an innovation system perspective.

ABSTRACT: This perspective paper, which is the result of a collaborative effort between toxicologists and scholars in innovation and transition studies, presents a heuristic framework based on innovation system literature for understanding and appraising mission achievement to animal-free chemical safety assessment using New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). While scientific and technical challenges in this area are relatively well known, the recent establishment of missions and roadmaps to accelerate the acceptance and effective use of NAMs for chemical safety assessment raises new questions about how we can grasp the systemic nature of all changes needed in this transition. This includes recognising broader societal, institutional, and regulatory shifts necessary for NAM acceptance and uptake. Our pa

SUBMITTER: Hoogstraaten MJ 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11742464 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature