Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: an umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Numerous meta-analyses have identified various risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), prompting a comprehensive study to synthesize evidence quality and strength.

Methods

This umbrella review of meta-analyses was conducted throughout PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Evidence strength was evaluated according to the evidence categories criteria.

Results

We identified 101 risk factors throughout 175 meta-analyses. 31 risk factors were classified as evidence levels of class I, II, or III. HBV and HCV infections increase HCC risk by 12.5-fold and 11.2-fold, respectively. These risks are moderated by antiviral treatments and virological responses but are exacerbated by higher HBsAg levels, anti-HBc positivity,

SUBMITTER: Wang J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11753015 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature