Folic acid-modified ginger-derived extracellular vesicles for targeted treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by remodeling immune microenvironment via the PI3K-AKT pathway.

ABSTRACT: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a form of autoimmune inflammation, is marked by enduring synovial inflammation and the subsequent impairment of joint function. Despite the availability of conventional treatments, they are often marred by significant side effects and the associated high costs. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) offer a compelling alternative, owing to their abundant availability, affordability, low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, and feasibility for large-scale production. These vesicles enhance intercellular communication by transferring intrinsic bioactive molecules. In our research, we delve into the capacity of PEVs to treat RA, highlighting the role of ginger-derived extracellular vesicles (GDEVs). By conjugating GDEVs with folic acid (FA), we have developed

SUBMITTER: Han R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11756199 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature