Causal association among smoking, bitter beverage consumption, and risk of osteoporosis: a two-sample mendelian randomization-based study.

ABSTRACT:

Objectives

Two-sample MR methods were employed to analyze the impact of smoking and bitter beverage consumption on the risk of osteoporosis and osteoporosis with pathological fractures, in order to assess the causal association.

Methods

Publicly available genome-wide association study summary data were analyzed using MR methods. The exposures investigated were smoking (smoking per day, smoking initiation, and lifetime smoking index) and bitter beverages (coffee, tea, bitter alcoholic beverages, bitter non-alcoholic beverages, and total bitter beverages). The outcomes examined were the risk of osteoporosis and osteoporosis with pathological fractures. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the main statistical model. The stability and reliability of the result

SUBMITTER: Wu Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11760116 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature