The haemagglutinin gene of bovine-origin H5N1 influenza viruses currently retains receptor-binding and pH-fusion characteristics of avian host phenotype.

ABSTRACT: Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has caused a panzootic affecting all continents except Australia, expanding its host range to several mammalian species. In March 2024, H5N1 HPAIV was first detected in dairy cattle and goats in the United States. Over 891 dairy farms across 16 states have tested positive until 25 December 2024, with zoonotic infections reported among dairy workers. This raises concerns about the virus undergoing evolutionary changes in cattle that could enhance its zoonotic potential. The Influenza glycoprotein haemagglutinin (HA) facilitates entry into host cells through receptor binding and pH-induced fusion with cellular membranes. Adaptive changes in HA modulate virus-host cell interactions. This study compared the HA genes of cattle

SUBMITTER: Yang J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11776067 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature