Material Cycles, Environmental Emissions, and Ecological Risks of Bisphenol A (BPA) in China and Implications for Sustainable Plastic Management.

ABSTRACT: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production-volume plastic chemical, with ∼98% of its usage in China allocated to producing polycarbonate and epoxy resin, and its fugitive release threatens ecosystems. However, knowledge of its anthropogenic cycles, environmental emissions, and ecological risks remains incomplete, hindering effective plastic lifecycle management. Herein, material flow analysis, multimedia environmental modeling, and ecological risk assessment were integrated to comprehensively map BPA dynamics in China. Results reveal a ∼ 90-fold increase in BPA consumption between 1992 and 2022 and major applications shifted from optics and packaging to automotive, construction, and electronics. China held ∼34 Mt of in-use BPA stock in 2022 (∼24 kg per capita), with no indication of reaching s

SUBMITTER: Wang J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11780737 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature