Smoking and Obesity Interact to Adversely Affect Disease Progression and Cognitive Performance in Multiple Sclerosis.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Smoking and obesity interact to exacerbate the risk of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, but their potential synergistic effects on outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS) have not been well studied. We aimed to study whether smoking and obesity interact to affect disease progression and cognitive function in patients with MS.

Methods

Incident cases from the population-based case-control study Epidemiological Investigation of MS (EIMS) were categorized by smoking and obesity status at diagnosis and followed up to 15 years postdiagnosis through the Swedish MS registry (n = 3336). Cox regression was used to analyze outcomes, including clinical disease worsening (CDW), progression to Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) levels 3 and 4, physical worse

SUBMITTER: Eva J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11794246 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature