Quality in Question: Assessing the Accuracy of Four Heart Rate Wearables and the Implications for Psychophysiological Research.

ABSTRACT: Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) are two key measures with significant relevance in psychophysiological studies, and their measurement has become more convenient due to advances in wearable technology. However, photoplethysmography (PPG)-based wearables pose critical validity concerns. In this study, we validated four PPG wearables: three consumer-grade devices (Kyto2935, Schone Rhythm 24, and HeartMath Inner Balance Bluetooth) and one research-grade device (Empatica EmbracePlus, successor to the widely-used but discontinued Empatica E4). All devices were worn simultaneously by 40 healthy participants who underwent conditions commonly used in laboratory research (seated rest, arithmetic task, recovery, slow-paced breathing, a neuropsychological task, posture manipulation by

SUBMITTER: Sinichi M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11794680 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature