Impact of residential hot water heater type and water stagnation on drinking water quality within a full-scale premise plumbing system.

ABSTRACT: Premise plumbing systems (PPSs), which are connected to the main drinking water distribution system via service lines, are a primary source for human exposure to chemical and microbial contaminants through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. To understand the occurrence and distribution of drinking water contaminants in these systems, this study utilized a full-scale PPS and monitored operational parameters and water quality changes for 26 weeks. The PPS contained natural gas- and electric-powered instantaneous and tank hot water heaters (HWHs), each supplying separate sinks and a single shower stall. Total water, gas, and electric usage was monitored daily. Over 400 water samples were collected at 11 timepoints across a 26-week period. Samples represented 4 types: Supply, Hot, Cold,

SUBMITTER: Buse HY 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11800144 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature