TNF/IFN-γ Co-Signaling Induces Differential Cellular Activation in COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Patient Outcomes.

ABSTRACT: TNF and IFN-γ are key proinflammatory cytokines implicated in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and TLR8 are known to recognize SARS-CoV-2 and induce TNF and IFN-γ production. However, it is unclear whether TNF and IFN-γ levels are altered through TLR-dependent pathways and whether these pathways mediate disease severity during COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate the association between TNF/IFN-γ levels and immune cell activation to understand their role in disease severity better. We enrolled 150 COVID-19 patients, who were classified by their systemic TNF and IFN-γ levels (high (H) or normal-low (N-L)) as TNF^HIFNγ^H, TNF^HIFNγ^N-L, TNF^N-LIFNγ^H, and TNF^N-LIFNγ^N-L. Compared t

SUBMITTER: Ramon-Luing LA 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11817726 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature