Energy-environmental evaluation of conventional and variable rate technology sprayer; application of Life Cycle Assessment.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the energy and environmental efficiency of a smart sprayer with a variable rate in orange production. The smart sprayer was developed from a standard orchard sprayer with a fixed rate using different equipment. Energy indicators, encompassing energy efficiency, energy productivity, energy intensity and net energy gain, were calculated. Environmental indicators, including global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication and human toxicity potentials, were estimated using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method in 15 midpoint and 4 endpoint categories. The findings demonstrated that the smart sprayer with a variable rate held a significant advantage over the conventional sprayer with a fixed rate in terms of re

SUBMITTER: Fathi R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11828406 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature