The vasoconstrictor adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate is a danger signal that induces IL-1β.

ABSTRACT:

Background

The endogenous nucleotide adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (Ap4) is a potent vasoconstrictor. Despite its structural similarity to the danger signal adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), the immunomodulatory effects of Ap4 remain unclear.

Methods

Modulation of interleukin (IL)-1β secretion by Ap4 was studied in both immune cells lines (THP-1, U937) and primary immune cells. Genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to characterize signaling. Cytokine production was measured using ELISA and multiplex assays, while cell viability was determined by MTT and LDH assays. Calcium influx and YO-PRO-1 uptake were assessed via microplate assays and flow cytometry, respectively. RNA sequencing and Western blotting were performed to analyze global gene expression and protein lev

SUBMITTER: Bockstiegel J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11844157 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature