A375 melanoma-derived lactate controls A375 melanoma phenotypes by inducing macrophage M2 polarization via TCA cycle and TGF-β signaling.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

Macrophage phenotypes have been linked to progression and prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. However, the association between Warburg effect in A375 melanoma and macrophages polarization, as well as the underlying mechanisms, remains less well documented.

Objective

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of lactate derived from A375 melanoma on macrophage polarization, melanoma phenotype responses and the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the expression of M1 and M2 markers, cell cycle and apoptosis. Levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Proliferation and invasion were assessed by CCK8 and transwell

SUBMITTER: Wang Q 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11849511 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature