Sustainability and Techno-Economic Assessment of Batch and Flow Chemistry in Seven Industrial Pharmaceutical Processes.

ABSTRACT: The synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is commonly perceived as more efficient when performed using continuous-flow methods, whereas batch processes are often seen as less favorable due to their limitations in yield, heat and mass transfer, and safety. This perception largely stems from existing studies that focus on green metrics such as the E-factor and yield. However, a comprehensive comparison of batch and flow processes through full techno-economic analyses (TEA) and life-cycle assessments (LCA) remains underexplored, leaving key aspects of their environmental and economic impacts inadequately assessed. This work addresses this gap by presenting a detailed comparison of batch and flow syntheses of seven industrially relevant APIs, including amitriptyline hydrochlori

SUBMITTER: Ince MC 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11864096 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature