Divalent metal ions enhance bone regeneration through modulation of nervous systems and metabolic pathways.

ABSTRACT: The divalent metal cations promote new bone formation through modulation of sensory and sympathetic nervous systems (SNS) activities. In addition, acetylcholine (Ach), as a chief neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), also affects bone remodeling, so it is of worth to investigate if the divalent cations influence PNS activity. Of note, these cations are key co-enzymes modulating glucose metabolism. Aerobic glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation favors osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), so it is of interest to study the effects of these cations on glucose metabolic pathway. Prior to biological function assessment, the tolerance limits of the divalent metal cations (Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Ca²⁺) and their combinat

SUBMITTER: Luo Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11872643 | biostudies-literature | 2025 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature