Spatial pattern of groundwater chemistry in a typical piedmont plain of Northern China driven by natural and anthropogenic forces.

ABSTRACT: Groundwater is crucial for human society's development in piedmont plains, yet its hydrogeochemistry often exhibits complex spatial distributions due to the interplay of nature and human factors. Ninety-two phreatic groundwater samples were collected from a typical piedmont plain in northern China and analyzed using self-organizing map combined with hydrogeochemical simulation, diagrams, and the entropy-weighted water quality index. Groundwater samples were categorized into four clusters, demonstrating a gradual hydrogeochemical facies evolution from HCO₃-Ca to Cl-Mg·Ca and Cl-Na, along with an increase in NO₃^- content in the order of clusters IV, II, III, and I. Natural processes, including silicates weathering and reverse cation-exchange, establish the na

SUBMITTER: Hao Q 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11880298 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature