Increased galanin-galanin receptor 1 signaling, inflammation, and insulin resistance are associated with affective symptoms and chronic fatigue syndrome due to long COVID.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Patients with Long COVID (LC) often experience neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), collectively referred to as the physio-affective phenome of LC. Activated immune-inflammatory pathways and insulin resistance significantly contribute to the physio-affective phenome associated with LC.

Methods

In a cohort of 90 individuals, categorized into those with and without LC, we evaluated, 3-6 months following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, the correlations between the Hamilton Depression (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety (HAMA), and Fibro-Fatigue (FF) Rating Scale scores, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), galanin-galanin receptor 1 (GAL-GALR1) signaling, insulin resistance, insulin-like growth factor (IG

SUBMITTER: Al Masoodi WTM 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11884674 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature