Comprehensive overview of the toxicities of small-molecule cryoprotectants for carnivorous spermatozoa: foundation for computational cryobiotechnology.

ABSTRACT:

Background

The specific and non-specific toxicities of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) for semen or spermatozoa cryopreservation/vitrification (SC/SV) remain challenges to the success of assisted reproductive technologies.

Objective

We searched for and integrated the physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of small-molecule CPAs as well as curated the information of all extenders reported for carnivores to provide a foundation for new research avenues and computational cryobiology.

Methods

The PubMed database was systematically searched for CPAs reported in SC/SV of carnivores from 1964 to 2024. The physicochemical features, ADMET parameters, toxicity classes, optimized structures, biological activities, thermodynamic equilibrium constants, and kinetic paramete

SUBMITTER: Karimi I 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11897285 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature