Zα and Zβ Localize ADAR1 to Flipons That Modulate Innate Immunity, Alternative Splicing, and Nonsynonymous RNA Editing.

ABSTRACT: The double-stranded RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 connects two forms of genetic programming, one based on codons and the other on flipons. ADAR1 recodes codons in pre-mRNA by deaminating adenosine to form inosine, which is translated as guanosine. ADAR1 also plays essential roles in the immune defense against viruses and cancers by recognizing left-handed Z-DNA and Z-RNA (collectively called ZNA). Here, we review various aspects of ADAR1 biology, starting with codons and progressing to flipons. ADAR1 has two major isoforms, with the p110 protein lacking the p150 Zα domain that binds ZNAs with high affinity. The p150 isoform is induced by interferon and targets ALU inverted repeats, a class of endogenous retroelement that promotes their transcription and retrotransposition by incorporating Z-fli

SUBMITTER: Herbert A 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11942513 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature