Layered Double Hydroxide Reshapes the Immune Microenvironment of Rheumatoid Arthritis through Small Mothers against Decapentaplegic 5.

ABSTRACT: Persistent synovitis is a pivotal pathological feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the current rheumatoid drugs are accompanied by severe side effects and have limited anti-inflammatory capabilities. In this work, we designed a bioactive material-folic acid modified layered double hydroxides (FA-LDH), aiming at targeting M1 macrophages and modulating macrophage repolarization. The in vitro experiment showed that FA-LDH mitigated the release of proinflammatory cytokines and promoted the expression of M2 macrophage markers. In terms of the action mechanism, FA-LDH modulated the nucleocytoplasmic transport of the small mothers against decapentaplegic 5 (Smad5) protein by adjusting the pH within the immune microenvironment. Subsequently, relying on the interaction between phospho-Sm

SUBMITTER: Li D 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11951257 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature