Contribution of smoking to the global burden of bladder cancer from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2046.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

Based on the results extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021, the objective of this research is to examine the spatiotemporal trends of bladder cancer attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021, and to make projections up to the year 2046.

Methods

This study conducted a secondary dataset analysis of smoking-attributable bladder cancer data extracted from GBD 2021. Bladder cancer was classified using the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) in GBD, and smoking exposure was defined as both current and past use of smoked tobacco products. By employing a Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model, the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was determined to examine trends over time.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the number

SUBMITTER: Qi K 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11951971 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature