The waterpipe smoking and human health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 191 observational studies.

ABSTRACT:

Background

While growing evidence highlights the harmful effects of waterpipe smoking (WPS), detailed information about its association to chronic diseases remains limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the association between WPS and various health conditions.

Methods

A systematic search of MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted from inception to January 2025. Eligible observational studies on WPS and health outcomes were selected through a duplicate, independent process. Data extraction, including study details, participant characteristics, methods, and results, was performed independently by two reviewers using a standardized form. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS), and studies w

SUBMITTER: Sepidarkish M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11956342 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature