Craniofacial integration and modularity in untreated cleft lip and palate.

ABSTRACT:

Objectives

To quantify craniofacial variation, integration, and modularity in untreated adults with orofacial clefts who had not undergone surgery, as well as in unaffected controls.

Materials and methods

Fourteen cephalometric landmarks depicting the skull base, maxilla, and mandible were identified on lateral cephalograms of 295 adult Proto-Malayid individuals. The sample included 243 individuals with unoperated clefts-179 with complete unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA, mean age 23.7 years) and 66 with complete unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate (UCLAP, mean age 24.5 years)-and 50 unaffected controls (NORM, mean age 21.2 years). Geometric morphometrics were used to analyze craniofacial shape variability, integration, and modularity. Principal component analy

SUBMITTER: Sumardi S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11958437 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature